Reduction of alkaline reflux gastritis and marginal ulcer by modified Braun enteroenterostomy in gastroenterologic reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background

The incidence of alkaline reflux gastritis (ARG) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is high. Although Braun enteroenterostomy (BEE) may reduce ARG, BEE may result in marginal ulcers (MUs) due to the additional anastomotic stoma. We conducted this study to compare clinical outcomes of using a modified BEE (MBEE) with traditional gastrojejunostomy (TGJ), by inducting a purse-string suture instead of an additional anastomotic stoma.

Materials and methods

All 62 patients underwent standard PD at the Department of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery of West China Hospital between January 1, 2008 and January 31, 2012. Demographics, perioperative and postoperative factors, and follow-up morbidity were compared in those patients who underwent MBEE (n = 32, three patients were lost to follow-up) to those who underwent TGJ (n = 30, nine patients were lost to follow-up).

Results

Patients who underwent the MBEE experienced a decrease in total morbidity including ARG and MUs, relative to those who underwent TGJ (24.1% versus 58.3%, P = 0.011). With regard to the MBEE group, the total ARG rate was statistically significantly lower compared with the TGJ group (13.8% versus 37.5%, P = 0.046). In addition, the incidence of MUs was reduced.

Conclusions

In patients undergoing PD, the MBEE was safely performed with significantly more patients having reduced incidence of ARG and related sequela compared with those who underwent TGJ. These results support further study of patients undergoing gastroenterostomy after resection of the distal stomach in larger, randomized studies.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for malignancies in children

Purpose

Malignant tumors of the common bile duct or of the pancreas head are uncommon in childhood [Perez EA, Gutierrez JC, Koniaris LG, Neville HL, Thompson WR, Sola JE. Malignant pancreatic tumors: incidence and outcome in 58 pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2009; Jan; 44 (1): 197–203]. With radical surgery being the standard cure for nonmetastatic diseases, pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is the best choice when the tumor is localized in the head of the pancreas, or in the lower portion of the common bile duct. The purpose of the present study is to describe five consecutive children managed by PD, and reviewing the particular aspects and results of this rare procedure in children.

Methods

Between 2007 and 2010, five patients (median age: 7 years) underwent PD for nonmetastatic malignant tumors. In two cases, PD was performed en bloc with a right hepatectomy in order to achieve the radical resection of a recurrent biliary sarcoma. Four patients benefited from a “pylorus-preserving” PD procedure. In two patients, resection of the portal vein and vascular reconstruction was performed, and in one case, an extended resection of the biliary ductal system was necessary.

Results

All resection margins were clear. The postoperative course was uneventful, with no pancreatic or biliary leakage in all of the patients. Oral refeeding was achieved by the eighth postoperative day. In two cases, a late revision of pancreatic–jejunal anastomosis was performed because of mild steatorrea and a suspected anastomotic stricture. Two of the patients, who were subsequently operated on second hand, for biliary sarcoma, died from the recurrence; while three of the others, with pancreatic malignancies, are alive and well, with a good functional outcome.

Conclusions

Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for tumors of the pancreatic head area. In the absence of regional or metastatic extension, the radicality of primary intervention is associated with favorable outcomes. Good functionality results were observed after the PD was limited to the head of the pancreas and subject to pylorus-preserving techniques.     

预防性输注新鲜冰冻血浆对胰十二指肠切除术患者的近期疗效观察

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术患者术后预防性输注新鲜冰冻血浆的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析中南大学湘雅三医院2015年1月至2018年12月收治的112例接受十二指肠切除术治疗的胰腺恶性肿瘤患者,根据术后6 h是否预防性输注新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)分为对照组65例和FFP组47例。比较2组患者术后3 d平均生命体征和凝血指标及患者术后肛门排气时间、首次进流食时间、72 h伤口引流量、术后拔除引流管时间、术后住院天数、围手术期费用和术后并发症发生率。结果FFP组患者术后血白蛋白浓度显著高于对照组[(36.7±1.4)g/L vs(33.2±1.0)g/L,t=15.109,P<0.001],术后72 h伤口引流量、术后拔除引流管时间、术后住院天数、围手术期费用、总并发症发生率均小于对照组[(131.1±54.6)ml vs(212.0±67.8)ml,t=-6.749,P<0.001;(6.0±1.3)d vs(9.0±1.6)d,t=-10.81,P<0.001;(14.1±1.8)d vs(18.9±3.6)d,t=-9.334,P<0.001;(89531.0±7789.4)元vs(105743.3±7440.8)元,t=-11.16,P<0.001;10.6%(5/47)vs 36.9%(24/65),χ~2=9.821,P=0.002]。2组患者术后均未出现围手术期死亡,FFP组患者未出现输血相关并发症。结论胰十二指肠切除术患者术后预防性输注FFP,具有使患者术后出血少、恢复快、缩短住院时间、减少住院费用和降低并发症发生率等优点,对患者近期临床效果显著。     

Retroperitoneal margin of the pancreaticoduodenectomy specimen: anatomic mapping for the surgical pathologist

Surgical margin status of the pancreaticoduodenectomy specimen is an independent predictor of survival in patients with pancreatic head cancer. Although most surgical pathologists are familiar with the protocols for grossing and evaluation of the various margins of the specimen, the currently prevailing definitions of the retroperitoneal surgical margin minimize the fact that this margin is actually a combination of surfaces of different anatomical structures. The unfamiliarity with its detailed anatomy often creates communication gaps when the pathologic findings are presented to other members of the multidisciplinary team. The following discussion is the collective opinion of hepato-pancreato-biliary pathologists in two tertiary care Canadian medical centers in this field. It describes the authors’ proposed nomenclature and landmarks for anatomic mapping of the retroperitoneal margin of the pancreaticoduodenectomy resected specimen. Increasing familiarity with the subtleties of the retroperitoneal margin is expected to improve communication and sets the stage for future quality improvement initiatives and translational research in the multidisciplinary setting.     

荷包套入式胰空肠双重吻合预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰漏

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术的方法及术后并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析1985-08～2007-08施行的206例胰十二指肠切除术的手术情况及术后并发症,胰肠吻合全部采用荷包套入式胰空肠双重吻合。结果206例胰十二指肠切除术均手术成功,无胰漏发生,无围手术期死亡,胆漏4例,上消化道出血3例,肠系膜上动脉切断1例,腹部切口裂开2例。结论胰十二指肠切除术技术的提高和胰肠吻合技术的改进是防止术后胰漏发生的关键。荷包套入式胰空肠双重吻合方法,可以有效的预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰漏的发生。     

三种不同胰-肠吻合法预防胰十二指肠切除术并发胰瘘的探讨（附33例报告）

目的介绍胰十二指肠切除术中3种不同胰-肠吻合法预防胰-肠吻合口瘘的经验。方法我院33例患者采用Child式套入（Ⅰ组）、Child式套入加捆扎法（Ⅱ组）和彭氏捆绑法（Ⅲ组）3种不同的胰-肠吻合方法行胰十二指肠切除术后吻合术。结果3组患者均无胰瘘发生。Ⅰ组1例患者因术后18d并发多器官功能衰竭死亡；Ⅱ组1例并发吻合口输出袢不完全性肠梗阻，保守治疗3周后痊愈，采用保留胃幽门胰十二指肠切除术并发暂时性胃排空障碍2例；Ⅲ组1例术后因反复发生癫痫而放弃治疗，采用PPPD术并发暂时性胃排空障碍1例。结论胰十二指肠切除术不管选择哪种胰-肠吻合方法，降低胰瘘的发生率主要取决于术者对残胰端的吻合缝合技术，而彭氏捆绑法更具有操作简便的优点。     

肠内营养在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

目的回顾分析胰十二指肠切除术中采用胰胃吻合及空肠造瘘行肠内营养疗效。方法1998年1月～2007年1月共进行胰十二指肠切除胰胃吻合手术46例,采用胰胃双层套入式吻合法,胰管内放置支撑引流管,加空肠造瘘术行肠内营养。结果患者术后无胰瘘、胆瘘发生。结论胰十二指肠切除术中采用胰胃双层吻合安全、有效,明显减少胰瘘的发生,空肠造瘘行肠内营养支持应是胰十二指肠切除手术患者手术后的首选营养支持方案。     

恶性肿瘤病人胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘及胆瘘的防治

目的 总结恶性肿瘤病人胰十二指肠切除术（PD）主要并发症胰瘘、胆瘘的初步处理经验和体会，并探讨其防治措施。方法 对1998年1月至2003年1月间的20例PD术后并发胰瘘、胆瘘病例进行回顾性分析。结果 全组病例手术均获得成功。术后并发胰瘘2例，死亡1例；并发胆瘘2例，死亡1例；另1例死于肝肾综合症，余17例治愈出院。远期效果在进一步随访中。结论 术后并发胰瘘应以内科治疗为主，通过减少胰液的分泌，并且保持局部引流的通畅，多数胰瘘可治愈。术后并发胆漏，通过保持支架管及局部引流通畅，多可治愈，出现肝汁性腹膜炎时应考虑手术处理。     

Cost and Utilization Impact of a Clinical Pathway for Patients Undergoing Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background: When implemented in several common surgical procedures, clinical pathways have been reported to reduce costs and resource utilization, while maintaining or improving patient care. However, there is little data to support their use in more complex surgery. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of clinical pathway implementation in patients undergoing elective pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) on cost and resource utilization.Methods: Outcome data from before and after the development of a clinical pathway were analyzed. The clinical pathway standardized the preoperative outpatient care, critical care, and postoperative floor care of patients who underwent PD. An independent department determined total costs for each patient, which included all hospital and physician costs, in a blinded review. Outcomes that were examined included perioperative mortality, postoperative morbidity, length of stay, readmissions, and postoperative clinic visits.Results: From January, 1996 to December, 1998, 148 consecutive patients underwent PD or total pancreatectomy; 68 before pathway development (PrePath) and 80 after pathway implementation (PostPath). There were no significant differences in patient demographics, comorbid conditions, underlying diagnosis, or use of neoadjuvant therapy between the two groups. Mean total costs were significantly reduced in PostPath patients compared with PrePath patients ($36,627 vs. $47,515; P = .003). Similarly, mean length of hospital stay was also significantly reduced in PostPath patients (13.5 vs. 16.4 days; P = .001). The total cost differences could not be attributed solely to differences in room and board costs. Cost and length-of-stay differences remained when outliers were excluded from the analysis. Despite these findings, there were no significant differences between PrePath and PostPath patients in terms of perioperative mortality (3% vs. 1%), readmissions within 1 month of discharge (15% vs. 11%), or mean number of clinic visits within 90 days of discharge (3.3 vs. 3.4 visits).Conclusions: The establishment of a clinical pathway for PD patients dramatically reduced costs and resource utilization without any apparent detrimental effect on quality of patient care. These findings support the implementation of clinical pathways for PD patients, as well as investigation into pathway care for other complex surgical procedures.