Current highlights on solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas is a low-grade malignant tumor that predominantly affects young women in their third and fourth decade. Etiology and risk factors are unknown. Clinical symptoms are aspecific and most commonly due to mass effect. Diagnosis is made by computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging and histological characterization is obtained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy. Microscopically, these lesions are composed by both solid and pseudopapillary structures with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas. Occasionally, the biological behavior is aggressive with tumor recurrence and distant metastasis. Usually, curative R0 surgical resection is the best option able to provide long term survival even in advanced disease. Unresectable disease is the main predictor of poor prognosis. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens are not well standardized. However, they could be effective in reducing tumor size as neoadjuvant treatment or disease control in palliative setting. Although complete surgical resection provides a cure rate of > 95%, considering young age of the patients and morbidity associated to pancreatic surgery, further studies are needed to better investigate risk factors and responsiveness to hormones in order to allow early diagnosis and follow up strategies that could avoid unnecessary surgery in less aggressive disease.     

胰外来源肿瘤的复杂胰十二指肠切除术

部分局部晚期肿瘤常累及腹部多个器官,伴有消化道梗阻,而无远处转移.部分此类患者可通过实施Ro切除,理论上有获得长期生存的可能.部分患者可通过R1切除,配合术后综合治疗,可达到解除消化道梗阻、减轻疼痛、延长生存时间的目的.将联合器官切除的复杂胰十二指肠切除术应用于胰外来源肿瘤（如局部晚期胃远端癌、结肠肝曲癌、胆囊癌及胆管癌）的手术治疗,能使部分患者获得Ro切除和术后的长期生存,部分患者术后生命质量明显改善,生存时间显著延长.     

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Outstanding problems

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death and is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 4%.Surgical resection remains the only potentially curative treatment but is only possible for 15%-20% of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.About 40% of patients have locally advanced nonresectable disease.In the past,determination of pancreatic cancer resectability was made at surgical exploration.The development of modern imaging techniques has allowed preoperative staging of patients.Institutions disagree about the criteria used to classify patients.Vascular invasion in pancreatic cancers plays a very important role in determining treatment and prognosis.There is no evidence-based consensus on the optimal preoperative imaging assessment of patients with suspected pancreatic cancer and a unified definition ofborderline resectable pancreatic cancer is also lacking.Thus,there is much room for improvement in all aspects of treatment for pancreatic cancer.Multi-detector computed tomography has been widely accepted as the imaging technique of choice for diagnosing and staging pancreatic cancer.With improved surgical techniques and advanced perioperative management,vascular resection and reconstruction are performed more frequently;patients thought once to be unresectable are undergoing radical surgery.However,when attempting heroic surgery,a realistic approach concerning the patient’s age and health status,probability of recovery after surgery,perioperative morbidity and mortality and life quality after tumor resection is necessary.     

Adenocarcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater: T-Stage,Chromosome 17p Allelic Loss,and Extended Pancreaticoduodenectomy are Relevant Prognostic Factors

Objective To evaluate the prognostic significance of different clinico-pathological and molecular factors, and to compare survival after standard and extended pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in ampulla of Vater adenocarcinoma (AVAC). Summary Background Data There are discordant data on factors affecting prognosis, and hence therapeutic choices, in AVAC. Patients and Methods Clinical-pathological factors were evaluated in 59 patients, subjected to PD for AVAC; in 42 subjects information on chromosome 17p and 18q allelic losses (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI) was also available. The association between survival and type of PD was investigated in the 25 patients operated between 1990 and 2001 (16 standard and nine extended). Results The overall 5- and 10-year tumor-related survival rates were 46% and 33%, respectively. Sixteen patients had T-stages 1–2, 14 T-stage 3, and 29 T-stage 4 cancers. Chromosome 17p and 18q LOH were detected in 23 (55%) and 15 cases (36%), respectively, and in 12 cases (29%) coexisted. Five cases were MSI-positive (12%). At univariate analysis, poor survival was associated with cancer ulceration (P = 0.051), poor differentiation (P = 0.008), T-stage 4 (P < 0.001), nodal metastases (P = 0.004), chromosome 17p (P < 0.001) and 18q LOH (P = 0.002), and absence of MSI (P = 0.009). At multivariate analysis, only T-stage (P = 0.002) and 17p LOH (P = 0.001) were independent predictors of survival. All patients with MSI-positive cancers were long-survivors (>12 yrs), whereas only 30% of MSI-negative cancer patients survived at 5 years. Extended pancreaticoduodenectomy was associated with a 3-year disease-related survival higher than standard resection (83% vs 31%; P = 0.018). Conclusion MSI and chromosome 17p status allow to better define prognosis within ampullary cancers at the same stage. Surgery alone resulted curative in MSI-positive cancer patients, whereas it was inadequate in patients showing allelic losses, who might benefit from adjuvant therapy. In this observational study, extended PD was associated with increased survival compared to standard procedures. Presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, Miami Beach, Florida, March 9–12, 2006     

Vater壶腹及乳头癌的淋巴结转移特点及相关因素

目的 探讨Vater壶腹及乳头癌的淋巴结转移特点及相关影响因素.方法 回顾性分析152例Vater壶腹及乳头癌患者根治术后的淋巴结转移特点,分析其临床病理相关影响因素.结果 对152例Vater壶腹及乳头癌行根治性胰十二指肠切除术,淋巴结转移率为31%,其中T1、T2、T3、T4期淋巴结转移率分别为0、20%（11/54）、26%（19/72）及94%（16/17）.淋巴结转移相关因素有：肿瘤直径（＜3 cm与≥3 cm相比,P=0.002）、肿瘤分化程度（P=0.012）、十二指肠壁浸润（P=0.008）、T分期（P=0.000）及胰腺受侵（P=0.005）.结论 Vater壶腹及乳头癌淋巴结转移率高;根治性手术切除是主要的治疗方式;行肿瘤局部切除时应选择适合的病例.     

胰头囊性肿瘤的手术策略15例报告

目的探讨胰头部囊性肿瘤的治疗策略。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2009年12月收治的15例胰头部囊性肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果上腹饱胀不适及黄疸为胰头部囊性肿瘤患者最主要的症状。术前超声检出率为80%（12/15）,CT检出率为100%。所有患者均接受手术治疗,手术方式包括肿瘤局部切除、胰十二指肠切除、保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除及胆总管空肠吻合。术后并发症率53.3%（8/15）,随访率86.7%。结论对胰头部囊性肿瘤,术前CT或MRI检查及术中冰冻病理检查非常重要,根据上述情况采取个体化的手术方式。     

十二指肠腺癌89例临床分析

目的 探讨原发性十二指肠腺癌的诊断和根治术术式选择.方法 对1985-2009年经手术切除、病理证实的89例十二指肠腺癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 十二指肠腺癌发病率低,临床表现缺乏特异性,术前内镜确诊率为93%,胃肠X线气钡造影为90%,磁共振胰胆管造影为82%,B超为42%,MRVCT为70%.肿瘤位于十二指肠第2段占65%.48例行胰十二指肠切除,19例行十二指肠节段切除,切除术后患者5年生存率分别为47%和50%.结论 内镜和X线气钡双重造影是诊断十二指肠腺癌的主要检查方法.早期诊断和根治手术是提高切除率和疗效的主要途径.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the preoperative diagnosis and treatment of primary duodenal adenocarcinoma ( PDA). Methods Clinical data of 89 PDA cases undergoing laparotomy from 1985 to 2009 in three hospital in Beijing and Zhengzhou were analyzed retrospectively. Results The prevalence rate of PDA is comparatively low and its clinical manifestations are not specific. The correct diagnostic rate of auxiliary examination were 93% by endoscopy,90% by gastrointestinal X-ray air barium double radiography,82% by MRCP,42% by BUS,70% by CT/MRI. The most common location of the adenocarcinoma(65% ) was at the second portion of the duodenum. Among 67 PDA cases 48 cases underwent pancreatoduodenectomy, 19 cases received segmental deodenectomy. The 5 year's survival rate was 47% and 50% respectively. Conclusions Endoscope and X-ray radiography are mainstays for the diagnosis of PDA. Early diagnosis and radical operation are the key to improve the resection rate and the long term survival.     

结肠癌联合胰十二指肠切除术

目的探讨结肠癌患者实施联合胰十二指肠切除术(PD)的必要性和方法。方法总结1994年1月至2002年12月间1750例结直肠癌患者中5例横结肠癌患者(0.3%)行联合PD术的临床资料。结果结肠癌联合PD术的5例患者(其中1例加肠系膜上静脉部分切除吻合)均无手术死亡。1例术后并发胰瘘和切口感染,但均康复出院。3例术后半年因肿瘤复发死亡,2例随访至今45个月和72个月仍无瘤生存。结论结肠癌侵犯胰十二指肠较少见。结肠癌联合胰十二指肠切除手术是安全的,能为部分患者提供长期生存的机会。     

胰十二指肠切除术的围手术期处理——基于并发症防治的液体管理与营养支持

胰十二指肠切除术是腹部外科最为复杂的手术之一。适用该术式的患者往往伴有其他基础疾病．如黄疽、肝功能异常、糖尿病或营养不良等,其术后并发症发生率及死亡率均较高,尤以胰漏、胆瘘和胃肠功能障碍多见。对围手术期患者进行液体管理和营养支持治疗．在降低并发症发生率和病死率方面具有重要意义。     

胰十二指肠切除术后不同胰肠吻合方式的效果与评价

目的比较胰十二指肠切除术后三种不同胰肠吻合方式的胰肠吻合口瘘发生率,探讨实施不同吻合方式的适用条件及其合理性。方法回顾性分析92例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料。按吻合方式不同分为捆绑式胰肠吻合组(A组)、胰管对空肠粘膜端侧吻合组(B组)和套入式端侧吻合组(C组),观察其术后胰瘘的发生率。结果胰肠吻合口瘘的发生率为:A组1例(1/41,2.44%);B组无胰肠吻合口瘘发生;C组3例(3/19,15.79%)。A、B两组间胰肠吻合口瘘发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05);C组胰肠吻合口瘘发生率显著高于A、B两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胰管对空肠粘膜吻合法和捆绑式吻合法均为较安全的胰肠吻合方法。在条件许可下,胰管对粘膜吻合法应作为胰十二指肠切除术首选的胰肠吻合方法。