Sex-Based Disparities in Receiving Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation by Location of Cardiac Arrest in Japan

Objective

To assess whether sex-based disparities occur by location of arrest in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) victims receiving bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR).

Quantification of anandamide,oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide in rodent brain tissue using high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectroscopy

Reported concentrations for endocannabinoids and related lipids in biological tissues can vary greatly; therefore, methods used to quantify these compounds need to be validated. This report describes a method to quantify anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) from rodent brain tissue. Analytes were extracted using acetonitrile without further sample clean up, resolved on a C18 reverse-phase column using a gradient mobile phase and detected using electrospray ionization in positive selected ion monitoring mode on a single quadrupole mass spectrometer. The method produced high recovery rates for AEA, OEA and PEA, ranging from 98.1% to 106.2%, 98.5% to 102.2% and 85.4% to 89.5%, respectively. The method resulted in adequate sensitivity with a lower limit of quantification for AEA, OEA and PEA of 1.4 ng/mL, 0.6 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. The method was reproducible as intraday and interday accuracies and precisions were under 15%. This method was suitable for quantifying AEA, OEA and PEA from rat brain following pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase.     

MSH-PE40重组毒素的构建和抗头颈部肿瘤的实验性研究

目的构建以绿脓杜菌外毒素A(PE40)为毒性部分的重组毒素,并研究其抗头颈部肿瘤的效应。方法利用基因工程技术将α促黑激素(-αmelanoma stimulating hormone,-αMSH)与绿脓杆菌外毒素A的部分重组基因,克隆到高效表达载体pET-20b中,表达出重组蛋白MSH-PE40,进行头颈部肿瘤细胞的体外杀伤实验。结果成功地将-αMSH基因与PE40基因融合,处于T7启动子和终止子调控之下。初步纯化的MSH-PE40对黑色素瘤具有明显的细胞毒性。结论MSH-PE40具有特异性杀伤-αMSH受体的肿瘤的功能。     

合理使用抗菌药物应注意的几个环节

本文通过对收集的抗菌药物常见不合理使用情况资料，进行整理归纳与分析。对抗菌药物滥用普遍存在的问题，提出了合理使用抗菌药物应注意的事项，更好地发挥抗菌药物应有的效能和自身的经济价值。     

Short-term exposure to alcohol in rats affects brain levels of anandamide, other N-acylethanolamines and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol

Chronic alcohol exposure leads to significant changes in the levels of endocannabinoids and their receptors in the brains of humans and laboratory animals, as well as in cultured neuronal cells. However, little is known about the effects of short-term periods of alcohol exposure. In the present study, we examined the changes in endocannabinoid levels (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol), as well as four additional N-acylethanolamines, in four brain regions of rats exposed to alcohol through the liquid diet for a period of 24h. The levels of N-acylethanolamines were diminished 24h after the onset of alcohol exposure. This was particularly evident for anandamide in the hypothalamus, amygdala and caudate-putamen, for N-palmitoylethanolamine in the caudate-putamen, for N-oleoylethanolamine in the hypothalamus, caudate-putamen and prefrontal cortex, and for N-stearoylethanolamine in the amygdala. The only exception was N-linoleoylethanolamine for which the levels increased in the amygdala after the exposure to alcohol. The levels of the other major endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, were also reduced with marked effects in the prefrontal cortex. These results support the notion that short-term alcohol exposure reduces endocannabinoid levels in the brain accompanied by a reduction in several related N-acylethanolamines.     

Maternal separation increases alcohol-drinking behaviour and reduces endocannabinoid levels in the mouse striatum and prefrontal cortex

Childhood adversity is associated with an increased risk of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Maternal separation is a reliable rodent model of early life adversity that leads to depression-like symptoms, which may increase the vulnerability to alcohol consumption during adolescence. However, the specific alterations in the pattern of alcohol consumption induced by maternal separation and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term effects of maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW) on emotional and social behaviour, alcohol rewarding properties, and alcohol consumption, abstinence and relapse in adolescent male C57BL/6 mice. In addition, endocannabinoid and monoamine levels were analysed in discrete brain areas. Results showed that MSEW mice presented emotional alterations related to depressive-like behaviour and modified endocannabinoid levels in the striatum and the prefrontal cortex. MSEW mice also showed impairments in alcohol-induced conditioned place preference and higher alcohol intake in a model of binge drinking. Moreover, MSEW animals displayed a higher propensity to relapse in the two-bottle choice paradigm following a period of alcohol abstinence associated with reduced monoamine levels in the striatum. Such results indicate that exposure to early life stress increased the vulnerability to alcohol binge-drinking during adolescence, which may be partially explained by decreased sensitivity to alcohol rewarding properties and the ability to potentiate alcohol intake following a period of abstinence.     

Coronary blood flow and perfusion pressure during coronary angiography in patients with ongoing mechanical chest compression: A report on 6 cases

Patients with pulseless electrical activity or refractory ventricular fibrillation have a very bad prognosis. Coronary angiography and angioplasty may be required to restore an effective circulation, but this must be performed whilst chest compressions are continued. The LUCAS chest compression device is suitable for this purpose. So far there are no reports on the effect of this device on coronary circulation in humans. We monitored the coronary perfusion pressure assessed invasively as the difference between the diastolic pressures at the coronary ostium and right atrium, and compared these pressures with coronary flow graded using the TIMI scale in 6 patients. In 4 out of 6 we found a satisfactory coronary artery perfusion pressure and TIMI grade 3 flow (normal) on coronary angiography. Two of these patients survived the first 24 h. Two patients did not have a satisfactory perfusion pressure and adequate flow rate was not seen.