2005年济南市历城区部分居民超重肥胖和慢性病患病情况调查

[目的]了解城乡居民超重、肥胖患病现状及其与几种慢性非传染性疾病(慢性病)患病情况,分析其关系,促进慢性病预防控制工作.[方法]2005年8月,在济南市历城区抽取部分15岁以上城乡居民进行调查分析.[结果]调查5 134人,标化超重率为30.89%,男性、女性分别为33.07%、28.75%(P＜0.05),城区、农村分别为34.07%、29.29%(P＜0.01);标化肥胖率为10.34%,男性、女性分别为10.10%、10.49%(P＞0.05),城区、农村分别为13.29%、8.93%(P＜0.01).调查并检测6 084人,高血压、冠心病、脑卒中、骨关节病患病率分别为29.60%、5.72%、1.33%、12.54%.检测2 137人,糖尿病、血脂异常、代谢综合征患病率分别为9.41%、32.57%、15.11%.肥胖和超重与糖尿病、高血压、冠心病、血脂异常、骨关节病、代谢综合征密切相关(P＜0.01),RR值分别为2.91、2.25、2.36、2.79、1.65、8.98.[结论]历城区城乡居民超重率、肥胖率处于全国大城市水平,超重、肥胖具有患多种慢性病的风险.     

某校中学生超重、肥胖及高血压情况调查

目的：了解中学生超重、肥胖与高血压的患病情况。方法：对北京市公交技校进行身高、体重及血压测量，并进行相关分析。结果：男生超重肥胖率为38．67％，高血压患病率7．64％；女生超重肥胖率33．68％，高血压患病率6．32％；男、女生超重肥胖率及高血压患病率均差异元统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。在501位学生中，超重率、肥胖率分别为11．38％、26．35％，高血压患病率分别为5．26％、21．97％，超重与未超重高血压患病率差异元统计学意义（χ^2=3．04，P〉0．05），而肥胖者高血压患病率显著高于体重正常者（χ^2=55．73，P〈0．01）；且随着体质质数（BMI）的升高，高血压患病率逐渐上升（χ^2趋势=97．49，P〈0．01）。结论：为控制超重、肥胖及高血压患病率，应加强中学生的健康教育。     

Ethnic Differences in Body Mass Index and Prevalence of Obesity in School Children of Urumqi City, Xinjiang, China

Objective To investigate the prevalence of obesity and distribution of body mass index （BMI） in school children of four ethnic groups in Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. Methods A total of 55 508 school children of Han, Hui, Uygur and Kazak nationalities aged 8-18 years were selected by a cluster sampling from a districts of Urumqi City for anthropometrie measurement and demographic survey. Prevalence of obesity and overweight and distribution of body mass index （BMI） by gender, age, and nationality were analyzed and compared. Cutoff points of BMI for defining obesity and overweight were based on the proposal set by the Working Group on Obesity in China （WGOC） to assess age-, gender- and nationality-specific prevalence of obesity and overweight. Results Prevalence of obesity was 5.34%, 6.78%, 3.39 %, and 1.22% for boys and 2.61%, 1.83%, 1.78%, and 1.40% for girls of Han, Hui, Uygur and Kazak nationalities, respectively. Prevalence of obesity tended to decrease with age overall, whereas that of overweight increased with age in Han children. Conclusions Prevalence of obesity in school children in Urumqi varies with their nationalities and is lower than that of an average national level and a level of western countries. Obesity is more prevalent in boys than in girls of Urmuqi overall, which is just the opposite in Kazak children. Han boys and Hui girls have the highest prevalence of obesity and Kazak boys and girls have the lowest ones. Prevalence of obesity decreases with age, but that of overweight shows a different trend.     

Preventing pediatric obesity: assessment and management in the primary care setting

PURPOSE: To review the literature on and discuss the role of the primary care provider in assessing and managing overweight children before they become obese. DATA SOURCES: Selected research, national guidelines and recommendations, and the professional experience of the authors. CONCLUSIONS: The focus of primary care involves early detection and family interventions that are designed for lifestyle modifications, specifically for improved nutrition and an increase in regular physical activity, to achieve optimal child health. Early identification and management of children who exceed a healthy weight for height, gender, and age will prevent the increasing incidence of pediatric obesity. Early prevention and management of pediatric overweight and obesity will also decrease the potential for associated medical and psychosocial problems. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Pediatric obesity has risen dramatically in the United States during the last two decades; it is a significant child health problem that is preventable and largely under-diagnosed and under-treated. It is essential to discuss prevention of obesity with parents at every well-child visit; treatment should be initiated when patterns of weight gain exceed established percentiles for increasing height for age and gender.     

Does overweight in infancy persist through the preschool years? An analysis of CDC Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System data

SummaryObjective: To determine whether overweight in infancy (0-11 months) and young childhood (12-35 months) persists through the preschool years.Methods: Analysis of longitudinal surveillance data for 380 518 low-income children monitored in the U.S. Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System from birth to age 59 months. Overweight was defined as weight-for-height 95th percentile. We determined the proportion of the children (overweight vs non-overweight) above or below the 95th percentile of weight-forheight at the later ages.Results: The relative risk (RR) for overweight among overweight infants (vs non-overweight infants) at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years old was 4.3, 3.5, 3.3, and 2.9, respectively. 62.5% of overweight 3-year-old was still overweight a year later, but only 4.1% non-overweight 3-year-old became overweight a year later (RR = 15.2). However, low birth weight children had the highest RR to remain overweight after they became overweight compared to normal and high birth weight children.Conclusions: Overweight during infancy persists through the preschool years. Tracking of overweight appears to become stronger as children get older and is more pronounced among low birth weight children than normal or high birth weight children. Monitoring preschoolers' height and weight status should be a strategy for preventing of obesity in adolescence and adulthood.

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Zusammenfassung Bleibt das Übergewicht von Kleinkindern während der Vorschulzeit bestehen? Eine Analyse von Daten des CDC-Kinderernährungs-Surveillance-SystemsZielsetzung: Bestimmen, ob das Übergewicht im Säuglings und Kleinkindalter (0-11 resp. 12-35 Monate) während der Vorschulzeit bestehen bleibt.Methoden: Analyse von Langsschnitt-Surveillance-Daten für 380 518 Kinder aus Familien mit niedrigem Einkommen, die im Rahmen des U.S.-Kinderernährungs-Surveillance-Systems von der Geburt bis im Alter von 59 Monaten beobachtet werden. Übergewicht wurde definiert als 95. Gewichts-Grössen-Perzentil. Wir bestimmten den Anteil an älteren Kindern über oder unter der 95. Gewichts-Grössen-Perzentile (übergewichtig vs. nicht übergewichtig).Ergebnisse: Das relative Risiko (RR) für Übergewicht unter den übergewichtigen Kleinkindern (im Vergleich zu den nicht übergewichtigen) betrug im Alter von 1, 2, 3 und 4 Jahren 4,3; 3,5; 3,3 und 2,9. 62,5% der übergewichtigen 3-jährigen Kinder war auch ein Jahr später noch übergewichtig, aber nur 4,1% der nicht übergewichtigen 3-Jährigen wurden im selben Zeitraum übergewichtig (RR = 15,2). Kinder mit sehr geringem Geburtsgewicht hatten im Vergleich zu Kindern mit normalem oder hohem Geburtsgewicht das höchste RR übergewichtig zu bleiben nachdem sie einmal übergewichtig geworden waren.Schlussfolgerungen: Übergewicht im Kleinkindalter bleibt während der Vorschuljahre bestehen. Mit zunehmendem Alter der Kinder scheint dieses Problem noch extremer zu werden und ist bei Kindern mit niedrigem Geburtsgewicht besonders ausgeprägt. Ein Monitoring von Körpergewicht und -grösse bei Vorschulkindern sollte als Strategie zur Vorbeugung von Adipositas bei Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen berücksichtigt werden.

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Résumé Est-ce que le surpoids dans l'enfance persiste jusqu'aux années préscholaires? Une analyse des données du CDC Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance SystemObjectif: Déterminer si le supoids pendant la très petite enfance (0 à 11 mois) et la petite enfance (12 à 35 mois) persiste jusqu'aux années préscolaires.Méthodes: Analyses de données d'observation longitudinale portant sur 380 518 enfants de bas niveau socio-économique suivis par le système de surveillance de nutrition pédiatrique des Etats-Unis de la naissance jusqu'à l'âge de 59 mois. Le surpoids était défini comme un rapport poids/taille 95ème percentile. Nous avons déterminé la proportion d'enfants (avec vs. sans surpoids) au-dessous et au-dessus du 95ème percentile du rapport poids/taille à des ages plus avancés.Résultats: Le risque relatif (RR) du surpoids (comparé à l'absence de surpoids) à 1,2,3 et 4 ans était de 4,3, 3,5, 3,3 et 2,9, respectivement. 62,5% des enfants de 3 ans ayant du surpoids en avaient toujours un an plus tard, mais seulement 4,1% des enfants de 3 ans sans surpoids développaient du surpoids un an plus tard (RR = 15,2). Cependant, les enfants de bas poids à la naissance avaient le plus grand risque relatif de conserver du surpoids après qu'ils en aient développé comparés aux enfants de poids normal ou élevé à la naissance.Conclusions: Le surpoids pendant la petite et très petite enfance persiste jusqu'aux années préscolaire. La tendance au surpoids semble devenir plus forte lorsque les enfants grandissent et est plus prononcée chez les enfants de bas poids à la naissance que chez ceux de poids normal ou élevé à la naissance. L'observation continue de la taille et du poids des enfants en age préscolaire devrait être une stratégie de prêvention de l'obésité au cours de l'adolescence et de l'age adulte.

     

Body Mass Index and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Children and Adolescents in Two Mexican Populations

PurposeTo report the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among children and adolescents living in central Mexico, and its association with body mass index (BMI).MethodsIn a sample of 1366 subjects from 7 to 24-years-old, a self-administered questionnaire was used to determined demographic characteristics. The definition of pediatric MS was determined using analogous criteria to Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) as ≥ 3 of the following: concentration of triglycerides ≥ 100 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol < 45 mg/dL for males and < 50 mg/dL for females, waist circumference ≥ 75th percentile (sex specific), glucose concentration ≥ 110 to < 126 mg/dL, and systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90th percentile (age, height, and sex specific).ResultsMost of the sample was in the 10–14- (32.4%) and the 15–19-year (35.4%) age groups, mostly females (57%), and 31% of this young sample was overweight (mean BMI = 21.6 kg/m²). About 1 in every 5 participants had full criteria for MS (19.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.4–22.1 among females, and 20.2%, 95% CI: 17.1–23.7 among males), and only 1 in every 10 was free of any MS component. The most common component was a low HDL level, observed in 85.4% of the sample. Unfavorable fat distribution, as indicated by a large waist circumference, was present in 27.9% of the sample. About 66% of those 10–14-year-olds with a large BMI were positive for MS.ConclusionsMS and overweight are major problems for youth in Mexico. Immediate and comprehensive actions at home and schools are needed if Mexico wants to avoid the heavy burden that this disorder will have for its population in the near future.     

Overweight, stunting, and anemia are public health problems among low socioeconomic groups in school adolescents (12-15 years) in the North Gaza Strip

The objective of the study was to describe sociodemographic differences in nutritional status among school adolescents aged 12 to 15 years in north Gaza Strip. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2002 comprising 1022 students from 10 schools in Gaza city, Jabalia village, and Jabalia refugee camp. Height, weight, and hemoglobin levels were measured to assess nutritional status. Self-administered questionnaires were administered to students and parents to obtain data on sociodemographic characteristics. The prevalence of overweight/obesity, stunting, and anemia in the total sample was 17.9%, 9.7%, and 49.6%, respectively. More overweight/obese girls than boys were found (20.2% vs 15.4%). In girls, being from a low-income residential area, having employed fathers, and having reached puberty had highest risk of overweight/obesity, whereas in boys, those with medium socioeconomic status (SES) had the lowest risk of overweight. The mean height-for-age percentile was generally low for both sexes compared with the National Center for Health Statistics/World Health Organization reference, but stunting was more common in boys than girls (13.7% vs 6.2%). Age was positively associated with risk of stunting in boys, whereas in girls, SES and mother's education were negatively associated with stunting. Anemia prevalence was high in both girls and boys (51.3% vs 47.9%). Age and onset of puberty had an independent negative effect on anemia among boys. Girls from nuclear families and from Jabalia village had higher risk of being anemic. In conclusion, undernutrition and overnutrition coexisted in the study area. Anemia, stunting, and overweight among the adolescents are public health problems, especially among low SES groups that merit attention.     

江苏地区4～7岁儿童肥胖和超重与出生体重关系的研究

目的 了解江苏省4～7岁儿童肥胖和超重与出生体重之间的关系,为预防和减少儿童期肥胖提供科学依据.方法 对江苏省覆盖13个市区20 488名儿童进行体格检查,并结合孕妇妊娠结局卡资料分析儿童超重、肥胖与出生体重的关系.结果 随着出生体重的幅度增加儿童肥胖和超重的发生与出生体重的发生比例呈上升趋势;低出生体重组（LBW〈2 500 g）、正常出生体重组（NBW=2 500～3 999 g）和高出生体重组（HBW≥4 000 g）肥胖和超重的发生比例分别为13.0%、20.5%和55.1%.结论 新生儿的出生体重对儿童发生超重和肥胖影响显著,应从母亲怀孕期间就开始预防儿童期肥胖和超重,避免高体重儿童出生.     

钢铁企业青年男性职工超重／肥胖患病率的流行病学调查

目的：探讨钢铁企业青年男性职工超重／肥胖患病原因及预防对策。方法：从参加体检的12218名马钢职工中抽取20～40岁男性6660g，进行超重／肥胖患病率的流行病学调查。结果：超重朋巴胖患病率为36．64％，超重/肥胖组与正常体重组在收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白方面的差异有非常显著意义（P〈0．01），高密度脂蛋白差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）。而在空腹血糖方面无差异（P〉0.05）。结论：钢铁企业青年男性职工超重／肥胖患病率较高，应采取综合性预防措施，以降低超重/肥胖患病率。     

Socio-demographic factors,overweight/obesity and nutrients associated with hypertension among rural adults (≥18 years): Findings from National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau survey

BackgroundHypertension is the leading cause of death throughout the world. The study was conducted to assess the prevalence, determinants and knowledge & practices about hypertension among rural adults in India.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in 10 major states of India. Information on socio-economic & demographic particulars was collected and anthropometric measurements like height, weight, waist & hip circumference and blood pressure were measured. Foods and nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-h recall method. Analysis was done using SPSS window 22.ResultsThe prevalence of pre-hypertension was 45.3% (95% CI: 44.6–46.0) and hypertension was 22% (95% CI: 21.5–22.3) (age standardized prevalence; 20.2%) while, overweight/obesity was 22.6% (95% CI: 22.2–23.0) as per Asian cut offs (BMI≥23). The prevalence of hypertension was higher in West Bengal (29.5%) and Kerala (28.9%) and low in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (16–19%). The odds of hypertension was 1.2 times higher among forward communities, businessmen, tobacco users and those consuming alcohol, 2–3 times higher among overweight (CI: 1.87–2.25) and obese (2.65–3.27). The odds of hypertension was 1.2 times higher among those consuming lower tertile of carbohydrates (CI = 1.02–1.41) and zinc (CI = 1.11–1.42). About 76% were aware of hypertension, 21% were old hypertensive & 19% were on treatment. Conclusions: Age standardized prevalence of hypertension was 20% among adults and was associated with age, occupation, overweight/obesity, tobacco and alcohol use, low intake of carbohydrates and zinc. Therefore, increasing awareness and consumption of healthy diet through behavior change communication will help to control hypertension among adults.