Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index values in 9-year-old rural Norwegian children

Aim: To describe cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index (BMI) values in a representative population of 9-year-old Norwegian children in two rural communities and compare present values with previous findings.
Methods: Two hundred and fifty-nine 9-year-old children were invited, and 256 participated in this study. Maximal oxygen uptake was directly measured during a continuous progressive treadmill protocol. Body mass and height were also measured.
Results: The mean ± SD relative maximal oxygen uptake was 52.8 ± 6.5 for boys and 46.9 ± 7.2 mL/kg/min for girls. Eight percent of the boys and 16.8% of the girls were classified as overweight, and 1.6% of the boys and 6.9% of the girls as obese. Mean age, body mass, height and Ponderal index were not significantly different between sexes. Girls had a higher BMI than boys (p = 0.05).
Conclusion: Compared to earlier Norwegian studies, children's BMI values seem to have increased substantially. This increase is most pronounced in girls. When assessing these differences using the PI, this increase is less marked. Comparing maximal oxygen uptake data with that in earlier Nordic studies, there is no evidence that fitness has declined among 9-year olds. However, the limitations of the few earlier studies make reliable comparisons difficult.     

Breastfeeding attitude,health-related quality of life and maternal obesity among multi-ethnic pregnant women: A multi-group structural equation approach

BackgroundIdentifying the factors influencing breastfeeding attitude is significant for the implementation of effective promotion policies and counselling activities. To our best knowledge, no previous studies have modelled the relationships among breastfeeding attitude, health-related quality of life and maternal obesity among multi-ethnic pregnant women; the current study attempts to fill this research gap.ObjectivesThis study investigated the relationships among maternal characteristics, health-related quality of life and breastfeeding attitude amidst normal weight and overweight/obese pregnant women using a multi-group structural equation modelling approach.DesignExploratory cross-sectional design was used.SettingAntenatal clinics of a university-affiliated hospitalParticipantsPregnant women were invited to participate; 708 (78.8%) agreed to participate in the study.MethodsWe examined a hypothetical model on the basis of integrating the concepts of a breastfeeding decision-making model, theory of planned behaviour-based model for breastfeeding and health-related quality of life model among 708 multi-ethnic pregnant women in Singapore. The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale and Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey were used to measure breastfeeding attitude and health-related quality of life, respectively.ResultsTwo structural equation models demonstrated that better health-related quality of life, higher monthly household income, planned pregnancy and previous exclusive breastfeeding experience were significantly associated with positive breastfeeding attitude among normal and overweight/obese pregnant women. Among normal weight pregnant women, those who were older with higher educational level were more likely to have positive breastfeeding attitude. Among overweight/obese pregnant women, Chinese women with confinement nanny plan were less likely to have positive breastfeeding attitude. No significant difference existed between normal weight and overweight/obese pregnant women concerning estimates of health-related quality of life on breastfeeding attitude (Critical Ratio = −0.193). The model satisfactorily fitted the data (Incremental Fit Index = 0.924, Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.905, Comparative Fit Index = 0.921 and Root Means Square Error of Approximation = 0.025). Health-related quality of life was found to affect breastfeeding attitude in multi-ethnic pregnant women.ConclusionsThis relationship implied the importance of early culturally specific interventions to enhance health-related quality of life for improving positive breastfeeding attitude among pregnant women across different ethnic groups.     

北京市体重正常和超重肥胖儿童血糖血脂状况分析

目的探讨超重、肥胖儿童血糖、血脂水平变化特点，为儿童肥胖的干预研究提供依据。方法选择北京市3所中学、2所小学，根据2005—2006年中小学生体检身高、体重结果进行筛选，对自愿参加的1045名7～15岁学生进行身高、体重测量。采集空腹肘静脉血测定血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）和空腹血糖（FPG）。结果FPG，TG，HDL—C，LDL—C在不同体型男、女儿童间差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0．01），HDL—C水平为肥胖组〈超重组〈正常组，FPG，TG，LDL—C水平均为肥胖组〉超重组〉正常组。男童TC异常检出率差异无统计学意义，FPG，TG，LDL—C偏高和HDL—C偏低的检出率均为肥胖组〉超重组〉正常组；女童FPG，TC，LDL—C异常检出率差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05），TG偏高和HDL—C偏低的检出率为肥胖组〉超重组〉正常组。结论超重和肥胖儿童较体重正常儿童存在明显的血糖和血脂异常。应加强超重和肥胖儿童血糖和血脂检测，并进行综合干预.     

2004年威海市部分15岁以上居民超重与肥胖情况及其影响因素调查

[目的]分析15岁以上居民超重与肥胖患病情况及其影响因素，为开展有针对性的干预提供基础信息。[方法]2004年在威海市用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取18867名15岁以上居民进行调查与分析。[结果]调查18867人，超重、肥胖与严重肥胖者9606人，占50．91％。这一比例男性为48．10％，女性为53．74％，经常饮酒者为52．82％，从不参加体育锻炼者为51．69％，经常吃肉类、禽蛋类和水产品者分别为49．07％、51．13％、50．62％。非条件Logistic回归分析结果，农村家庭、受教育程度低、吸烟、未婚、家庭年收入低及学生是超重与肥胖的保护因素，遗传、年龄较大、已婚、家庭年收入高是危险因素。[结论]不良饮食习惯与缺乏体育锻炼是导致超重与肥胖的重要因素。     

2005年济南市历城区部分居民超重肥胖和慢性病患病情况调查

[目的]了解城乡居民超重、肥胖患病现状及其与几种慢性非传染性疾病(慢性病)患病情况,分析其关系,促进慢性病预防控制工作.[方法]2005年8月,在济南市历城区抽取部分15岁以上城乡居民进行调查分析.[结果]调查5 134人,标化超重率为30.89%,男性、女性分别为33.07%、28.75%(P＜0.05),城区、农村分别为34.07%、29.29%(P＜0.01);标化肥胖率为10.34%,男性、女性分别为10.10%、10.49%(P＞0.05),城区、农村分别为13.29%、8.93%(P＜0.01).调查并检测6 084人,高血压、冠心病、脑卒中、骨关节病患病率分别为29.60%、5.72%、1.33%、12.54%.检测2 137人,糖尿病、血脂异常、代谢综合征患病率分别为9.41%、32.57%、15.11%.肥胖和超重与糖尿病、高血压、冠心病、血脂异常、骨关节病、代谢综合征密切相关(P＜0.01),RR值分别为2.91、2.25、2.36、2.79、1.65、8.98.[结论]历城区城乡居民超重率、肥胖率处于全国大城市水平,超重、肥胖具有患多种慢性病的风险.     

某校中学生超重、肥胖及高血压情况调查

目的：了解中学生超重、肥胖与高血压的患病情况。方法：对北京市公交技校进行身高、体重及血压测量，并进行相关分析。结果：男生超重肥胖率为38．67％，高血压患病率7．64％；女生超重肥胖率33．68％，高血压患病率6．32％；男、女生超重肥胖率及高血压患病率均差异元统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。在501位学生中，超重率、肥胖率分别为11．38％、26．35％，高血压患病率分别为5．26％、21．97％，超重与未超重高血压患病率差异元统计学意义（χ^2=3．04，P〉0．05），而肥胖者高血压患病率显著高于体重正常者（χ^2=55．73，P〈0．01）；且随着体质质数（BMI）的升高，高血压患病率逐渐上升（χ^2趋势=97．49，P〈0．01）。结论：为控制超重、肥胖及高血压患病率，应加强中学生的健康教育。     

Ethnic Differences in Body Mass Index and Prevalence of Obesity in School Children of Urumqi City, Xinjiang, China

Objective To investigate the prevalence of obesity and distribution of body mass index （BMI） in school children of four ethnic groups in Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. Methods A total of 55 508 school children of Han, Hui, Uygur and Kazak nationalities aged 8-18 years were selected by a cluster sampling from a districts of Urumqi City for anthropometrie measurement and demographic survey. Prevalence of obesity and overweight and distribution of body mass index （BMI） by gender, age, and nationality were analyzed and compared. Cutoff points of BMI for defining obesity and overweight were based on the proposal set by the Working Group on Obesity in China （WGOC） to assess age-, gender- and nationality-specific prevalence of obesity and overweight. Results Prevalence of obesity was 5.34%, 6.78%, 3.39 %, and 1.22% for boys and 2.61%, 1.83%, 1.78%, and 1.40% for girls of Han, Hui, Uygur and Kazak nationalities, respectively. Prevalence of obesity tended to decrease with age overall, whereas that of overweight increased with age in Han children. Conclusions Prevalence of obesity in school children in Urumqi varies with their nationalities and is lower than that of an average national level and a level of western countries. Obesity is more prevalent in boys than in girls of Urmuqi overall, which is just the opposite in Kazak children. Han boys and Hui girls have the highest prevalence of obesity and Kazak boys and girls have the lowest ones. Prevalence of obesity decreases with age, but that of overweight shows a different trend.     

Preventing pediatric obesity: assessment and management in the primary care setting

PURPOSE: To review the literature on and discuss the role of the primary care provider in assessing and managing overweight children before they become obese. DATA SOURCES: Selected research, national guidelines and recommendations, and the professional experience of the authors. CONCLUSIONS: The focus of primary care involves early detection and family interventions that are designed for lifestyle modifications, specifically for improved nutrition and an increase in regular physical activity, to achieve optimal child health. Early identification and management of children who exceed a healthy weight for height, gender, and age will prevent the increasing incidence of pediatric obesity. Early prevention and management of pediatric overweight and obesity will also decrease the potential for associated medical and psychosocial problems. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Pediatric obesity has risen dramatically in the United States during the last two decades; it is a significant child health problem that is preventable and largely under-diagnosed and under-treated. It is essential to discuss prevention of obesity with parents at every well-child visit; treatment should be initiated when patterns of weight gain exceed established percentiles for increasing height for age and gender.     

Does overweight in infancy persist through the preschool years? An analysis of CDC Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System data

SummaryObjective: To determine whether overweight in infancy (0-11 months) and young childhood (12-35 months) persists through the preschool years.Methods: Analysis of longitudinal surveillance data for 380 518 low-income children monitored in the U.S. Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System from birth to age 59 months. Overweight was defined as weight-for-height 95th percentile. We determined the proportion of the children (overweight vs non-overweight) above or below the 95th percentile of weight-forheight at the later ages.Results: The relative risk (RR) for overweight among overweight infants (vs non-overweight infants) at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years old was 4.3, 3.5, 3.3, and 2.9, respectively. 62.5% of overweight 3-year-old was still overweight a year later, but only 4.1% non-overweight 3-year-old became overweight a year later (RR = 15.2). However, low birth weight children had the highest RR to remain overweight after they became overweight compared to normal and high birth weight children.Conclusions: Overweight during infancy persists through the preschool years. Tracking of overweight appears to become stronger as children get older and is more pronounced among low birth weight children than normal or high birth weight children. Monitoring preschoolers' height and weight status should be a strategy for preventing of obesity in adolescence and adulthood.

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Zusammenfassung Bleibt das Übergewicht von Kleinkindern während der Vorschulzeit bestehen? Eine Analyse von Daten des CDC-Kinderernährungs-Surveillance-SystemsZielsetzung: Bestimmen, ob das Übergewicht im Säuglings und Kleinkindalter (0-11 resp. 12-35 Monate) während der Vorschulzeit bestehen bleibt.Methoden: Analyse von Langsschnitt-Surveillance-Daten für 380 518 Kinder aus Familien mit niedrigem Einkommen, die im Rahmen des U.S.-Kinderernährungs-Surveillance-Systems von der Geburt bis im Alter von 59 Monaten beobachtet werden. Übergewicht wurde definiert als 95. Gewichts-Grössen-Perzentil. Wir bestimmten den Anteil an älteren Kindern über oder unter der 95. Gewichts-Grössen-Perzentile (übergewichtig vs. nicht übergewichtig).Ergebnisse: Das relative Risiko (RR) für Übergewicht unter den übergewichtigen Kleinkindern (im Vergleich zu den nicht übergewichtigen) betrug im Alter von 1, 2, 3 und 4 Jahren 4,3; 3,5; 3,3 und 2,9. 62,5% der übergewichtigen 3-jährigen Kinder war auch ein Jahr später noch übergewichtig, aber nur 4,1% der nicht übergewichtigen 3-Jährigen wurden im selben Zeitraum übergewichtig (RR = 15,2). Kinder mit sehr geringem Geburtsgewicht hatten im Vergleich zu Kindern mit normalem oder hohem Geburtsgewicht das höchste RR übergewichtig zu bleiben nachdem sie einmal übergewichtig geworden waren.Schlussfolgerungen: Übergewicht im Kleinkindalter bleibt während der Vorschuljahre bestehen. Mit zunehmendem Alter der Kinder scheint dieses Problem noch extremer zu werden und ist bei Kindern mit niedrigem Geburtsgewicht besonders ausgeprägt. Ein Monitoring von Körpergewicht und -grösse bei Vorschulkindern sollte als Strategie zur Vorbeugung von Adipositas bei Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen berücksichtigt werden.

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Résumé Est-ce que le surpoids dans l'enfance persiste jusqu'aux années préscholaires? Une analyse des données du CDC Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance SystemObjectif: Déterminer si le supoids pendant la très petite enfance (0 à 11 mois) et la petite enfance (12 à 35 mois) persiste jusqu'aux années préscolaires.Méthodes: Analyses de données d'observation longitudinale portant sur 380 518 enfants de bas niveau socio-économique suivis par le système de surveillance de nutrition pédiatrique des Etats-Unis de la naissance jusqu'à l'âge de 59 mois. Le surpoids était défini comme un rapport poids/taille 95ème percentile. Nous avons déterminé la proportion d'enfants (avec vs. sans surpoids) au-dessous et au-dessus du 95ème percentile du rapport poids/taille à des ages plus avancés.Résultats: Le risque relatif (RR) du surpoids (comparé à l'absence de surpoids) à 1,2,3 et 4 ans était de 4,3, 3,5, 3,3 et 2,9, respectivement. 62,5% des enfants de 3 ans ayant du surpoids en avaient toujours un an plus tard, mais seulement 4,1% des enfants de 3 ans sans surpoids développaient du surpoids un an plus tard (RR = 15,2). Cependant, les enfants de bas poids à la naissance avaient le plus grand risque relatif de conserver du surpoids après qu'ils en aient développé comparés aux enfants de poids normal ou élevé à la naissance.Conclusions: Le surpoids pendant la petite et très petite enfance persiste jusqu'aux années préscolaire. La tendance au surpoids semble devenir plus forte lorsque les enfants grandissent et est plus prononcée chez les enfants de bas poids à la naissance que chez ceux de poids normal ou élevé à la naissance. L'observation continue de la taille et du poids des enfants en age préscolaire devrait être une stratégie de prêvention de l'obésité au cours de l'adolescence et de l'age adulte.

     

Body Mass Index and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Children and Adolescents in Two Mexican Populations

PurposeTo report the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among children and adolescents living in central Mexico, and its association with body mass index (BMI).MethodsIn a sample of 1366 subjects from 7 to 24-years-old, a self-administered questionnaire was used to determined demographic characteristics. The definition of pediatric MS was determined using analogous criteria to Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) as ≥ 3 of the following: concentration of triglycerides ≥ 100 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol < 45 mg/dL for males and < 50 mg/dL for females, waist circumference ≥ 75th percentile (sex specific), glucose concentration ≥ 110 to < 126 mg/dL, and systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90th percentile (age, height, and sex specific).ResultsMost of the sample was in the 10–14- (32.4%) and the 15–19-year (35.4%) age groups, mostly females (57%), and 31% of this young sample was overweight (mean BMI = 21.6 kg/m²). About 1 in every 5 participants had full criteria for MS (19.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.4–22.1 among females, and 20.2%, 95% CI: 17.1–23.7 among males), and only 1 in every 10 was free of any MS component. The most common component was a low HDL level, observed in 85.4% of the sample. Unfavorable fat distribution, as indicated by a large waist circumference, was present in 27.9% of the sample. About 66% of those 10–14-year-olds with a large BMI were positive for MS.ConclusionsMS and overweight are major problems for youth in Mexico. Immediate and comprehensive actions at home and schools are needed if Mexico wants to avoid the heavy burden that this disorder will have for its population in the near future.