准直器叶片到位精度对宫颈癌容积调强计划验证的影响

目的 探讨加速器多叶准直器（MLC）叶片到位精度对宫颈癌容积调强放疗计划剂量验证通过率的影响。方法 在加速器常规质控基础上,选用Mapcheck和Arccheck两种半导体探测器矩阵在校准MLC叶片到位精度前后,分别测量30例宫颈癌容积调强放疗计划的二维和三维剂量分布。采用3%、3 mm和2%、2 mm标准,计算二维和三维剂量验证的Gamma通过率;并通过3DVH软件进一步将三维剂量分布误差与患者解剖结构建立起相互关系,评估加速器MLC叶片到位精度对宫颈癌容积调强放疗计划通过率的影响。结果 MLC校准前后,3%、3 mm标准下Mapcheck测得的Gamma通过率分别为（88.80±1.81）%和（99.25±0.53）%,平均提高10.45%;Arccheck测得的Gamma通过率分别为（87.61±1.98）%和（98.13±0.99）%（P<0.05）,平均提高了10.52%。3DVH测得的Gamma通过率分别为（89.87±2.28）%和（98.30±1.15）%（P<0.05）,平均提高了8.43%。结论 MLC叶片到位精度是影响加速器宫颈癌容积调强放疗计划执行准确性的主要因素之一。通过使用Autocal软件,可以快速、准确的完成多叶准直器的校准工作。     

脑卒中患者每日训练计划

60例脑卒中偏瘫早期患者随机分为康复组和对照组各30例，采用常规神经科治疗和早期良肢体位摆放，康复组同时进行脑卒中每日训练计划。治疗前后全部患者用Brunnstrum评价肢体功能，用Barthel指数评价日常生活能力。结果：3个月后康复组肢体功能和日常生活活动能力与对照组比较有明显提高（P＜0．01）。这为无条件进行正规系统康复的患者提供了一套实用的训练方法。     

脊髓髓内肿瘤诊断与治疗的新进展

脊髓髓内肿瘤是较少见的神经系统肿瘤,发病率较颅内肿瘤低.部分恶性髓内肿瘤若未经治疗或治疗不完善,可导致发病率和死亡率升高.本研究就脊髓髓内肿瘤的流行病学、分类、临床症状、辅助检查和治疗手段做了较为详细的介绍,对常见的脊髓髓内肿瘤的特点和治疗新进展等方面进行综述.     

Volunteer Involvement in Advance Care Planning: A Scoping Review

ContextVolunteer involvement may support organizations to initiate and operationalize complex interventions such as advance care planning (ACP).ObjectivesA scoping review was conducted to map existing research on volunteer involvement in ACP and to identify gaps in current knowledge base.MethodsWe followed the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The review included studies of any design reporting original research. ACP was defined as any intervention aimed at supporting people to consider and communicate their current and future health treatment goals in the context of their own preferences and values. Studies were included if they reported data relating to volunteers at any stage in the delivery of ACP.ResultsOf 11 studies identified, nine different ACP models (initiatives to improve uptake of ACP) were described. Most of the models involved volunteers facilitating ACP conversations or advance care directive completion (n = 6); and three focused on ACP education, training, and support. However, a framework for volunteer involvement in ACP was not described; the studies often provided limited detail of the scope of volunteers' roles in ACP, and in three of the models, volunteers delivered ACP initiatives in addition to undertaking other tasks, in their primary role as a volunteer navigator. Increased frequency of ACP conversation or documentation was most commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of the studies, with most showing a trend toward improvement.ConclusionsCurrent literature on volunteer involvement in ACP is lacking a systematic approach to implementation. We suggest future research should focus on person-centered outcomes related to ACP to evaluate the effectiveness of volunteer involvement.     

上海市徐汇区第五轮全球基金流动人口结核病控制项目实施效果评价

目的 分析和评价上海市徐汇区第五轮全球基金流动人口结核病控制项目（简称“基金项目”）执行后的实施效果.方法 对比分析2007年10月1日基金项目执行前1年和2010年6月30日项目执行了2年零9个月（33个月）后（根据项目实施年度分为3期,即项目1期、项目2期第1年、第2年）流动人口疑似肺结核患者、转诊追踪和结核病患者治疗转归及管理等情况,比较基金项目执行前后重点指标（包括疑似患者初诊数、总体到位率、新涂阳肺结核患者2个月末痰菌阴转率、新涂阳患者治愈率、活动性患者完成疗程率等）的定基比增长率和环比增长率,并对项目执行后跨区域患者管理情况进行分析.结果 徐汇区基金项目执行33个月后与执行前相比,项目重点指标定基比增长率执行1期、2期第1年和第2年均增长明显,疑似患者初诊数的定基比增长率分别为12.29％[（813 724）/724]、48.20％[（1073-724）/724）]和59.81 ％[（1157-724）/724];总体到位率的定基比增长率分别为3.58％[（91.14-87.99）/87.99]、2.45％[（90.15-87.99）/87.99]和7.96％[（94.99-87.99）/87.99];新涂阳肺结核患者治疗后2个月末痰菌阴转率的定基比增长率分别是43.71％[（82.46-57.38）/57.38]、55.93 ％[（89.47 57.38）/57.38]和49.37％[（85.71-57.38）/57.38];新涂阳患者治愈率的定基比增长率分别是31.10 ％[（85.96-65.57）/65.57]、48.50％[（97.37-65.57）/65.57]和48.15％[（97.14-65.57）/65.57];活动性患者完成疗程率的定基比增长率分别是30.18％[（90.32-69.38）/69.38]、40.56％[（97.52-69.38）/69.38]和40.31％[（97.35-69.38）/69.38].结论 全球基金项目实施后徐汇区流动人口结核病的防治效果明显,使流动人口患者受益,也提升了徐汇区结核病整体防治和管理水平.     

我国定点医院结核病防治模式实施现状综述

实施定点医院结核病防治模式符合我国结核病防治“十二五”规划的工作要求,是我国未来结核病防治服务体系建设的总体趋势。笔者就目前我国定点医院结核病防治模式的实施现状作一综述,发现与分析存在的主要问题,为更好地推行该防治模式提出合理的建议。     

Development of a transmission-blocking malaria vaccine: Progress,challenges, and the path forward

New interventions are needed to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with malaria, as well as to accelerate elimination and eventual eradication. Interventions that can break the cycle of parasite transmission, and prevent its reintroduction, will be of particular importance in achieving the eradication goal. In this regard, vaccines that interrupt malaria transmission (VIMT) have been highlighted as an important intervention, including transmission-blocking vaccines that prevent human-to-mosquito transmission by targeting the sexual, sporogonic, or mosquito stages of the parasite (SSM-VIMT). While the significant potential of this vaccine approach has been appreciated for decades, the development and licensure pathways for vaccines that target transmission and the incidence of infection, as opposed to prevention of clinical malaria disease, remain ill-defined. This article describes the progress made in critical areas since 2010, highlights key challenges that remain, and outlines important next steps to maximize the potential for SSM-VIMTs to contribute to the broader malaria elimination and eradication objectives.     

Prävention psychischer Erkrankungen – Ziele für ein Nationales Aktionsprogramm

Mental disorders represent an immense psychological, social and economic burden. Therefore, a national action plan for promoting mental health is suggested strengthening multimodal and interdisciplinary prevention measures in Germany. By offering low-threshold treatments at the same time relieve of healthcare systems and reduction of waiting time for guideline-based therapies are expected.