Computerized diagnosis: implications for clinical education

The advent of the small computer as a basic clinical tool will have a significant impact on clinical practice and medical training. The application of probability theory to clinical diagnosis has led to the development of several practical diagnostic programs which run on small computers. Expert systems--interactive programs which function as 'electronic consultants'--have now been successfully developed for a number of clinical situations. Experience with two of these, INTERNIST/CADUCEUS and MYCIN, has provided insight into problems and prospects for expert systems in medicine. Less complex programs, particularly those employing clinical prediction rules, and expert system shells, seem well suited for clinical environments. Although computerized medical diagnosis holds great promise as an aid to clinicians, its success will largely be determined by the quality of the information that clinicians provide for analysis. A brief review of the status of bedside diagnosis reveals that data-gathering strategies and techniques must be better understood. In order to take full advantage of computer programs for diagnosis, basic diagnostic skills must be more heavily emphasized in clinical training.     

军医大学生心理健康现状分析

军医大学生作为未来战争的预备军，其身心健康水平对提高和保障军队平战时战斗力具有重要意义。本文分析了军医大学生的心理特点，指出了目前存在的六个方面的心理问题，以便进一步采取心理健康干预措施。     

英语医学科技论文中冠词的使用

从语法角度归纳了医学科技论文中冠词的使用规律,以期减少英语医学科技论文中冠词的衍缺现象。     

Screening for Prostate, Breast and Colorectal Cancer in Renal Transplant Recipients

American Society of Transplantation guidelines recommend screening renal transplant recipients for breast, colorectal and prostate cancer. However there is a lack of evidence to support this practice. Computer simulation modeling was used to estimate the years of life lost as a result of these cancers in 50-year-old renal transplant recipients and subjects in the general population. Renal transplant recipients lost fewer years of life to cancer than people in the general population largely because of reduced life expectancy. In nondiabetic transplant recipients, loss of life as a result of these cancers was comparable with that in the general population only under assumptions of increased cancer incidence and cancer-specific mortality risks. Even with two-fold higher cancer incidence and disease-specific mortality risks, diabetic transplant recipients lost considerably fewer life years to cancer than those in the general population. Recommended cancer screening for the general population may not yield the expected benefits in the average renal transplant recipient but the benefits will be considerably higher than for patients on dialysis. Transplanted patients at above-average cancer risk in good health may achieve the benefits of screening that are seen in the general population.     

269例10万元以上住院费用及影响因素分析

目的分析高额住院费用的成因及影响因素,以控制医疗费用的过快增长.方法选择某综合医院2002年住院费用在10万元以上的病例共269例,分析其费用构成,并对其影响因素进行多元回归分析.结果269例病人的平均费用为159 765元,以治疗费最高,所占比例为51.32%,药费其次,所占比例为36.25%.住院费用的影响因素为:住院天数、院内感染和预后.结论降低过高的住院费用要缩短无效住院日、控制院内感染以及减少无效的治疗和用药.     

地氟醚与NO预处理对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的建立在体大鼠肺缺血再灌注(I-R)损伤模型，观察吸人20ppmNO和／或1．3MAC地氟醚预处理对大鼠肺I-R损伤的作用。方法60只SD大鼠随机分为五组，假手术组、I-R组、地氟醚 I-R组、iNO I-R组及地氟醚 iNO I-R组。各组在缺血后与再灌注3h分别处死6只大鼠，检测肺组织IL-10、IL-1β、TNF-α以及ICAM-1表达，MDA、MPO含量和肺组织湿干重比。结果与假手术组相比，肺I-R后IL-10、IL-1β及TNF-α等细胞因子生成明显增加，ICAM-1呈显著上调，MDA与MPO显著升高，肺水含量增加。吸入NO和地氟醚均可在一定程度上抑制肺I-R后IL-1β和TNF-α的生成，降低ICAM-1的上调，减少MDA和MPO生成，同时抑制IL-10生成。结论吸人地氟醚和／或NO抑制促炎细胞因子以及黏附分子的表达，同时对抗炎因子也有明显抑制作用，对肺I-R损伤起到保护作用；但两者联合应用并未呈现显著的协同作用。     

What Are the Etiology and Epidemiology of Out‐of‐hospital Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Ontario,Canada?

Background: Pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) outside of the hospital has a very high mortality rate. Objectives: To evaluate the etiology and initial compromise of pediatric CPA cases in hopes of developing strategies to improve out‐of‐hospital resuscitation. Methods: The Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support (OPALS) study was a large multicenter initiative to evaluate the impact of emergency medical services (EMS) programs on 17 communities with 40,000 critically ill and injured patients who were older than 11 years. As part of this study, the authors conducted a retrospective observational cohort study that included all children younger than 18 years of age with out‐of‐hospital CPA, during an 11‐year period from 1991–2002. CPA was defined as patient being pulseless, apneic, and requiring chest compressions. Data were collected from ambulance call reports and centralized dispatch data and were reviewed by two independent investigators. Results: There were 503 children with CPA in the sample. Mean age was 5.6 years (range, 0–17 yr); 58.4% of patients were male, and 37.8% were younger than 1 year of age. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) first was started by a bystander in 32.4% of cases, whereas 66.0% were unwitnessed arrests. Initial rhythms were asystole 77.2% of the time, pulseless electrical activity 16.4% of the time, and ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia 4% of the time. Annual incidence was 9.1/100,000 children. CPA was witnessed in 34.0% of cases; 80.7% of these were bystander‐witnessed, and 18.1% were EMS‐witnessed. Primary pathogenic cause of arrest was medical in 61.2% of cases, trauma in 37.2% of cases, and indeterminate in 1.6% of cases. Initial underlying physiologic compromise of witnessed arrests was judged to be respiratory in 39.8% of cases, sudden collapse (presumed electrical) in 16.4% of cases, progressive shock in 1.2% of cases, and indeterminate in 42.6% of cases. Presumed etiology was trauma, 37.6%; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 20.3%; and respiratory disease, 11.6%, most commonly. Survival to hospital discharge was 2.0%. Conclusions: This is one of the largest population‐based, prospective cohorts of pediatric CPA reported to date, and it reveals that most pediatric arrests are unwitnessed and receive no bystander CPR. Those that are witnessed most often are caused by respiratory arrests or trauma. Trauma, SIDS, and respiratory disease are the most common etiologies overall. These data are vital to planning large resuscitation trials looking at specific interventions (i.e., increasing bystander CPR) and highlight the need for better strategies for prevention and early recognition.     

如何提高医学素材数码摄影的画面效果

介绍了数码影像技术在图像画面拍摄中的应用,使医学素材具有真实性和艺术性相结合的画面效果,从而提高了教学质量.     

The workload of trainees in general practice

During their first training period in general practice the authors felt that they did not encounter the balanced workload which is the foundation for learning to be a GP. Previous studies confirmed the existence of differences in overall and specific workload between trainees and trainers. From their own experience and from the relevant literature they addressed several factors which might affect the workload of trainees. A study was undertaken to determine differences in workload between trainees and trainers, and to investigate whether certain characteristics of practice and of trainees affect the workload of trainees. Details of surgery consultations with 34 trainee-trainer partnerships were recorded in the north of the Netherlands over 2 weeks. Questionnaires were filled in by trainers, trainees and practice assistants from these 34 general practices. The total number of contacts recorded was 10,103. It was found that trainees see fewer elderly and female patients, less chronic and oncological conditions, but more minor illnesses. They see only 30% of patients with problem behaviour. Factors that influence the trainees' workload, as compared to their trainers' are: list size; selection in the allocation of patients; trainee's experience prior to starting the training stage, and the trainee's sex. Except for problem behaviour, trainees generally see a cross-section of their trainer's practice population. Selection would provide a more balanced workload for trainees.