Standards of care in day hospitals and day centres: a comparison of services for older people with dementia

BACKGROUND: Current policy in England emphasises the importance of caring for highly dependent older people for as long as possible at home. It is therefore crucial that day care services are effective and widely available. AIM: To compare the type and standard of care provided for older people with dementia in day centre and day hospital settings. METHODS: A cross-sectional postal survey design was employed. Representatives from three-quarters of identified specialist day care services for older people with dementia in the North West of England provided information on a range of indicators including: basic structural features; delivery of care; service content; and quality measures. RESULTS: Day hospitals tended to have more day care places and a greater number of attendees, but lower occupancy rates than day centres. Day hospitals reported higher standards of care in relation to systematic assessment and care planning, promotion of rehabilitation, carer involvement and individualised provision of care. They were also more likely to employ building design features to encourage independence and choice for people with dementia. A higher proportion of day centres provided services exclusively to older people with dementia and a greater proportion of staff in day centres had undergone specific training in caring for people with dementia. Day centres were also more likely to have effective transport arrangements in place. CONCLUSION: The standards developed for the study were sufficiently reliable to allow for an acceptable estimate of quality. Day centres and day hospitals appeared to perform two distinct, but complementary functions. These results provide key material for shaping the provision of day care for older people with dementia, especially given the absence of national standards in this area.     

微创减压术治疗老年腰椎管狭窄症

目的总结微创减压术治疗老年腰椎管狭窄症的临床应用结果。方法 2002年9月至2008年5月,对48例老年腰椎管狭窄症患者采用微创减压术治疗。男36例,女12例;年龄60～82岁,平均68岁。结果所有患者均经18～48个月(平均26个月)随访,根据MacNab腰腿痛手术治疗评定标准进行疗效评定,结果显示优26例(54%),良17例(36%),差5例(10%),优良率为90%。结论微创减压术治疗老年腰椎管狭窄症患者的疗效较满意,老年患者较易耐受该术式。     

17β-雌二醇对子宫内膜异位症患者在位子宫内膜间质细胞β-catenin mRNA和蛋白表达的影响

目的研究17β-雌二醇(17β-E2)对子宫内膜异位症(内异症)患者在位子宫内膜间质细胞β-catenin mRNA和蛋白表达的影响,探讨Wnt/β-catenin信号通路在介导雌激素促进内异症发生发展的作用。方法体外分离培养内异症患者在位子宫内膜间质细胞。用不同浓度17β-E2处理子宫内膜间质细胞48 h;此后选用10-10mol/L 17β-E2处理子宫内膜间质细胞12、24和48 h,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测17β-E2处理前后子宫内膜间质细胞β-catenin mRNA和蛋白的表达水平。同法分析雌激素受体拮抗剂ICI182,780(10-6mol/L)对17β-E2促进β-catenin mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。免疫组织化学染色观察17β-E2作用后β-catenin在子宫内膜间质细胞中的定位。结果17β-E2能明显促进内异症患者在位子宫内膜间质细胞β-catenin mRNA和蛋白的表达,并呈剂量和时间依赖性,于10-10mol/L作用48 h最明显。雌激素受体拮抗剂ICI182,780能明显抑制17β-E2对子宫内膜间质细胞β-catenin mRNA和蛋白的表达。免疫组织化学染色发现17β-E2能促进β-catenin在子宫内膜间质细胞核内的表达。结论雌激素可能通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路促进内异症在位子宫内膜的异位种植。     

青年人结直肠癌的特点与预后(附38例临床分析)

目的 探讨青年人结直肠癌的诊断与治疗,以期提高5年生存率.方法 回顾我院1987年3月到2006年2月对青年人结直肠癌38例的手术治疗,分析症状、病程、病理类型、分期及随访情况.结果 我国青年人结直肠癌的发病率高于国外,与老年人结直肠癌相比恶性程度高、误诊率高、切除率低及5年生存率低.结论 对不明原因的便血、腹泻或进行性贫血、有家族遗传史等高危患者,应尽早肠镜检查,以提高早期诊断率,避免误诊.     

老年股骨颈骨折围手术期的治疗分析

目的探讨老年人股骨颈骨折的治疗及围手术期的处理。方法回顾性分析2003年1月～2006年12月手术治疗的201例老年股骨颈骨折患者资料，其中男51例，女150例，年龄60～98岁，平均78．2岁。按Garden分型，Ⅱ型20例，Ⅲ型86例，Ⅳ型95例。采用多枚中空螺钉固定、Morre型人工股骨头置换术或双极人工股骨头置换手术进行治疗。结果本组患者平均住院10～14d，5～7d即能早期下床活动，住院期间及术后1年内无一例死亡。85％患者获得8个月～4年（平均2年）的随访，功能恢复按Harris评分，优良率为85％。结论老年人各脏器机能衰退，多同时合并各种内科疾病，手术治疗存在风险，但老年人股骨颈骨折的手术治疗仍能取得满意疗效。     

Vertebral Fragility Fractures (VFF)—Who,when and how to operate

Vertebral Fragility Fractures (VFF) are common and lead to pain, long term disability and increased mortality. Most patients will have mild to moderate pain symptoms and can be managed conservatively. However, patients with severe pain who have minimal or no pain relief with potent analgesia, or who only achieve adequate pain relief with high doses of morphine based analgesia which results in significant adverse events, should be considered for vertebral augmentation. Ideally, for vertebral augmentation, patients should present within four months of the fracture (onset of acute pain) and have at least 3 weeks of failure of conservative treatment although early intervention may be more appropriate for hospitalised patients, who tend to be older, more frail and likely to be less tolerant to the adverse effects of conservative treatment.The Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) recommends Percutaneous Vertebroplasty as the first line surgical augmentation technique for VFF in older people, which has been shown to improve pain symptoms, allow early restoration of functional mobility and may reduce the risk of further vertebral collapse. CIRSE recommends percutaneous Balloon Kyphoplasty as second line treatment in VFF, although the optimal indication is for acute traumatic vertebral fractures (less than 7–10 days) in younger people. Assessment and treatment of underlying osteoporosis is important to reduce the risk of further fractures in older people with VFF.     

健康人群血清骨钙素影响因素的研究 —— 以北京市海淀区为例

目的了解健康人群血清OC的变化及与能量代谢的关系。方法根据排除标准筛选115名受试者(男60人,女55人),用电化学发光法和终点法检测血清OC,能量代谢指标水平,并分析血清OC与TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、FINS、FPG、HOMA-IR之间的关系。结果绝经后女性OC水平与男性、绝经前女性差异存在统计学意义(P0.05)。相关性分析中,男、女性年龄与血清OC之间均呈显著负相关(r_男=-0.517和r_女=-0.568)。男、女性BMI与血清OC之间均呈显著负相关(r_男=-0.286和r_女=-0.453)。男性HDL-C与血清OC之间呈显著正相关(rHDL-C=0.271)。女性TG与血清OC之间呈显著负相关(r_(TG)=-0.340);女性HDL-C与血清OC之间呈显著正相关(rHDL-C=0.275)。男性FINS、HOMA-IR与血清OC之间呈显著负相关(r_(FINS)=-0.295,rHOMA-IR=-0.28)。女性FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR与血清OC之间无显著相关性。结论在选取的受试者中,绝经后女性血清OC水平明显低于绝经前女性,绝经后女性出现肥胖较明显。年龄、BMI与血清OC呈显著负相关,即血清OC可能导致肥胖。血清OC与机体能量代谢相关。     

武汉地区汉族老年男性骨质疏松危险因素的相关研究

目的本研究通过病例-对照研究分析武汉地区汉族老年男性骨质疏松的危险因素。方法共选取武汉市第一医院老年科2015年2月至2016年10月住院的武汉地区汉族老年男性人群原发性骨质疏松症患者110例和同期住院无骨质疏松症对照者85例,通过两组患者各因素的比较,应用多元Logistic回归分析筛选武汉市汉族老年骨质疏松的危险因素。结果通过对195例样本的分析,多因素Logistic分析显示:年龄≥60岁(OR1.088,95%CI 1.033~1.147),高体重指数BMI(OR1.319,95%CI 1.170~1.486),动脉收缩压升高(OR1.055,95%CI 1.022~1.089)、空腹血糖增高(OR1.208,95%CI 1.001~1.458)、klotho基因G395A AA基因型(OR2.969,95%CI 1.092~8.068)为武汉地区汉族老年男性患者发生骨质疏松的独立危险因素。结论研究揭示年龄、高体重指数、高收缩压、高空腹血糖、klotho基因可能在武汉地区汉族老年男性骨质疏松发病机制中起重要作用,其中klotho基因G395A位点AA基因型可能是武汉市汉族老年骨质疏松患者的致病基因。上述因素对决定武汉地区老年男性骨质疏松患者抗骨质疏松治疗策略具有重要意义。     

中高龄老年人衰弱程度与老年性骨质疏松症的相关性探讨

目的探讨老年性骨质疏松症与中高龄老年人衰弱程度的相关性,为减少中高龄老年人衰弱程度提供依据。方法选取2016年7月至2017年1月唐山10个卫生服务中心直接管辖的32个社区内登记户籍符合入组的≥75周岁的老年人,采用The CFAI衰弱综合评估工具进行问卷调查,老年性骨质疏松症诊断标准依据老年人在三甲以上医院根据骨密度诊断的结果而定。结果 3448名高龄老人衰弱率100%,重度衰弱占32.6%;中高龄老年人发生老年性骨质疏松症者占11.46%;多因素分析年龄、婚姻、文化程度、老年性骨质疏松症是衰弱的影响因素(P0.05)。结论应重视中高龄老年性骨质疏松症的预防和治疗,从而减轻老年人的衰弱程度。