毒性结节性甲状腺肿的外科治疗(附66例报告)

目的总结毒性结节性甲状腺肿的治疗体会。方法对1990～2006年收治的66例毒性结节性甲状腺肿行手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果66例中42例采用硫脲类药物加碘剂进行术前准备,10例采用心得安加碘剂准备,14例单用碘剂准备。除1例病人因甲状腺癌外都采用甲状腺次全切除术,术后无甲状腺危象,无永久性喉返神经损伤及甲状旁腺功能减低等并发症。结论手术治疗毒性甲状腺肿是安全有效的,须行合理的术前准备及选择适当的手术方式。     

Regulation of thyroid sodium‐iodide symporter in different stages of goiter: Possible involvement of reactive oxygen species

Na⁺/I^? symporter (NIS) transports iodide into thyrocytes, a fundamental step for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Our aim was to evaluate NIS regulation in different status of goitrogenesis and its underlying mechanisms. Wistar rats were treated with methimazole (MMI) for 5 and 21 days, to achieve different status of goiter. We then evaluated the effect of MMI removal for 1 day (R1d), after 5 (R1d‐5d) or 21 (R1d‐21d) days of MMI treatment. MMI increased thyroid weight, iodide uptake and in vitro TPO activity in a time‐dependent way. Although MMI removal evoked a rapid normalization of TPO activity in R1d‐5d, it was still high in R1d‐21d. On the other hand, iodide uptake was rapidly down‐regulated in R1d‐21d, but not in R1d‐5d, suggesting that the increased TPO activity in R1d‐21d led to increased intraglandular organified iodine (I‐X), which is known to inhibit iodide uptake. Since TGFβ has been shown to mediate some effects of I‐X, we evaluated TGFβ and TGFβ receptor mRNA levels, which were increased in R1d‐21d. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that TGFβ stimulates NOX4. Accordingly, our data revealed increased NOX4 expression and H₂O₂ generation in R1d‐21d. Finally, we evaluated the effect of H₂O₂ on NIS function and mRNA levels in PCCL3 thyroid cell line, which were reduced. Thus, the present study suggests that there is a relationship between the size of the goiter and NIS regulation and that the mechanism might involve I‐X, TGFβ, NOX4 and increased ROS production.     

超声在甲状腺微小乳头状癌与微小结节性甲状腺肿鉴别诊断中的价值

目的：评价超声对甲状腺微小乳头状癌与微小结节性甲状腺肿的鉴别诊断价值。方法病例选自2010年8月~2013年7月本院收治的50例甲状腺微小结节患者,经术后病理结果证实,微小乳头状癌28例(结节32个)为观察组,微小结节性甲状腺肿22例(结节25个)为对照组,对比分析两组患者的超声诊断资料,评价超声对两组的鉴别诊断价值。结果观察患者回声情况(低回声/高回声)、形态(规则/不规则)、边界(清晰/模糊)及钙化状况(边缘钙化/微钙化/粗钙化)与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组的动脉收缩期峰值速度(Vmax)及阻力指数(RI)均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);彩色多普勒检查结果显示,观察组血流丰富程度明显高于对照组(P<0.05),分型为Ⅱ型的患者比例显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论超声对甲状腺微小乳头状癌及微小结节性甲状腺肿具有良好的鉴别诊断价值,临床上应仔细辨别两种疾病的声像特点,以免漏诊、误诊。     

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: A long-term study

Summary The authors report data obtained from a 3-year study of CSII and humanized insulin (semi-synthetic human insulin) administered to 18 insulin-dependent subjects in the outpatient clinic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of insulin pumps in long-term treatment. Metabolic parameters were significantly improved (p<0.001) in the first month and remained so with only slight alterations throughout treatment. The authors underline some metabolic problems (ketosis) caused by malfunctioning of the insulin pumps, by the difficulties with the infusion sytem or by nodular skin lesions at the infusion site. Only these lesions called for treatment to be discontinued in 4 patients. The highest incidence of nodular skin lesions was seen after one year’s uninterrupted treatment and they seem connected to the duration of treatment rather than to the patients’ negligence (inadequate hygiene, delayed needle substitution). The authors conclude that CSII treatment is valid over short-term periods, whereas it presents drawbacks over long-term administration.     

2011年四川省碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的掌握四川省碘缺乏病病情、居民碘营养水平及防治措施落实情况,为制订防治措施提供科学依据。方法按＂人口比例概率抽样方法＂（PPS）在全省抽取30个县,每个县抽取1所小学;每个小学抽查40名8～10岁儿童甲状腺容积,并定量检测其家中食用盐碘含量;抽取其中12名儿童检测尿碘,并调查其家中居民人均日盐摄入量;在抽中学校附近选择3个乡（镇、街道办）,每个乡（镇、街道办）抽取孕妇和哺乳妇女各5人检测尿碘;在抽中学校的所在村（居委会）,按东、西、南、北、中各抽取1份饮用水水样,如为集中式供水地区,则采集2份末梢水样检测水碘。全省在上述PPS法未抽到的152个县中,每县按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各抽取1个乡（镇、街道）,每个乡（镇、街道）抽取1所小学,每所小学抽检20名8～10岁儿童（男、女各半）尿碘。结果 B超法检查儿童1 221人,甲状腺肿大率4.1%;检测盐样1 206份,合格碘盐食用率98.1%,碘盐覆盖率99.9%,碘盐合格率98.2%,盐碘中位数32.8 mg/kg;检测儿童尿碘15393份,尿碘中位数208.9μg/L,其中男性儿童尿碘中位数（214.9μg/L）高于女性（203.2μg/L,Z=6.97,P〈0.05）;孕妇尿碘457份,尿碘中位数170.8μg/L;哺乳妇女尿碘452份,尿碘中位数159.5μg/L;水碘81份,水碘中位数2.7μg/L,范围0.2～49.6μg/L,水碘低于10μg/L比例为82.7%（67/81）;调查363户家庭食盐摄入量,人均日摄盐量8.46 g。结论四川自然环境普遍缺碘;人群碘营养水平总体适宜,继续保持消除碘缺乏病状态。     

Amyloid goiter related with Crohn's disease: A rare association: Amyloid goiter secondary to Crohn's disease

INTRODUCTION

Amyloid goiter (AG) is characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland as a result of extensive amyloid deposition in a bilateral and diffuse manner.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 58-year-old male patient was diagnosed of Crohn''s Disease (CD). He was admitted to our clinic with complaint of respiratory distress and rapid growth swelling in the neck. Ultrasound examination revealed huge multinodular goiter on both sides of thyroid gland. We performed bilateral total thyroidectomy. Pathological evaluation revealed AG.

DISCUSSION

Amyloid leads to degeneration in tissues, thereby disrupts the function of the relevant organs. It is important to distinguish AG from other reasons of goiter, particularly thyroid medullary cancer that can cause amyloid deposition in thyroid gland. Secondary amyloidosis frequently involves thyroid gland at microscopic level, but rarely causes goiter. An analysis of current literature revealed that only few cases of AG occurred secondary to CD. Herein we presented a case of AG who has rapidly growing goiter that associated with CD.

CONCLUSION

AG must be kept in mind in case of rapidly growing goiter, especially in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.     

Emergency thyroidectomy: Due to acute respiratory failure

INTRODUCTION

Giant cervical and mediastinal goiter may lead to acute respiratory failure caused by laryngotracheal compression and airway obstruction. Here, we present a case admitted to the emergency service with a giant goiter along with respiratory failure and poor general health status, which required urgent surgical intervention.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 71-year-old female admitted to the emergency room with shortness of breath and poor general health status resulting from a giant cervical swelling progressively increased during the last 7 years and constituted severe respiratory failure which has become severe in the last one month. A giant nodular goiter of the left thyroid lobe extending retrosternally, causing tracheal compression, limiting the neck movements was detected with clinical examination and bedside ultrasound. Emergency thyroidectomy was planned. Fiberoptic-assisted awake nasal intubation was performed in the operating room. Emergency total thyroidectomy was performed for the life-threatening respiratory failure. Postoperative period was uneventful. She was transferred from intensive care unit to the ward on postoperative day 3 and was discharged from the hospital on the postoperative 7th day. Benign multinodular hyperplasia was reported on the histopathological report. Patient was included in routine follow-up.

DISCUSSION

In the present case tracheal destruction due to compression of the giant goiter was found in agreement with previous reports. Emergency thyroidectomy was performed after awake intubation since it is a common surgical option for the treatment of giant goiter causing severe airway obstruction.

CONCLUSION

Respiratory failure due to giant nodular goiter is a life-threatening situation and should be treated immediately by performing awake endotracheal intubation following emergency total thyroidectomy.     

Round Pendant Around the Neck–Thyroid. A Review

The rare situation of thyroid stone is discussed with literature review and case report. A case of isolated solitary stone of the thyroid is documented here. There are incidences of calcification in the thyroid gland commonly associated with carcinoma thyroid and multinodular goiter. But solitary stone of thyroid is reported rarely and one such case is reported from India. The possibility of malignancy is high, in case of calcification of thyroid swellings. Hence, isolated calcification should be surgically treated even if fine needle aspiration cytology is negative for malignancy.