Neutrophil Activation in Immunoadsorption

Abstract: Immunoadsorption therapy (IAT) is used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Although IAT has been reported to modify humoral immunity by inducing chemokines and activating complements, much remains unknown about the biological effects of IAT on cellular components in peripheral blood. To define the influence of IAT on leukocytes, we determined leukocyte l ‐selectin (CD62L) and Mac‐1 (CD11b) as parameters for activation of leukocytes in peripheral blood during IAT. Peripheral leukocyte l ‐selectin and Mac‐1 were determined continuously by flow cytometry in 6 patients with neuroimmunological disorders in whom IAT was conducted using a Plasma Flow OP‐05 (Asahi Medical Corp., Tokyo, Japan) as a plasma separator and Immusorba TR‐350 (Asahi Medical Corp., Tokyo, Japan) as an adsorption column. Expression of neutrophils (PMN) l ‐selectin was decreased 30 min after starting IAT, with the decreases particularly marked at the end of IAT, while expression of mononuclear cells (MNC) l ‐selectin slightly increased during IAT. Expression of PMN Mac‐1 was markedly increased at the end of IAT, whereas expression of MNC Mac‐1 did not change during IAT. Leukocyte counts decreased 30 min after starting IAT, and then increased to the initial level or higher in parallel with l ‐selectin downregulation and Mac‐1 upregulation on PMN. l ‐selectin downregulation and Mac‐1 upregulation on PMN suggested that activation of PMN associated with changes in peripheral leukocyte counts occurred during IAT and might play some role in modulating the human circulating blood and immune systems.     

脑梗死患者血小板活化状态及血小板参数的研究

目的:探讨脑梗死患者血小板膜糖蛋白P选择素(CD62P)、溶酶体蛋白(CD63)以及血小板3项参数即血小板计数(PLT)、血小板平均体积(MPV)和血小板最大聚集率(MAR)的变化及意义。方法:采用流式细胞术测定168例脑梗死患者血小板活化指标CD62P、CD63的表达,同时对其进行血小板3项参数PLT、MPV和MAR的测定,并与对照组比较。结果:(1)脑梗死患者急性期CD62P、CD63、MPV及MAR较健康对照组以及恢复期患者显著升高,而且恢复期患者上述指标仍高于健康对照组(均为P<0.01),而PLT在脑梗死急性期、恢复期及健康对照组之间均无显著性差异(均为P>0.05)。(2)CD62P、CD63、MPV及MAR与神经功能缺损程度评分呈显著直线正相关(r=0.84、0.817、0.684和0.698,均为P<0.01),而PLT与神经功能缺损程度评分间无相关性(r=0.32,P>0.05)。结论:脑梗死患者血小板大量活化及其体积和最大聚集率的升高参与了脑梗死的病理过程,MPV和MAR较PLT更能反映脑梗死的严重程度。     

一次性可调节输液器的准确输入速度及相关滴速测定

目的在液体性质、液面高度、头皮针型号固定的状态下,观察一次性可调节输液器的输液速度与实际输入量的差距及调整规律。方法取上述一项因素为变量,固定其他因素,依次测试某一输液速度的实际输入量及调整速度量,以此速度量调整一定范围内的输液速度,测定调整速度后的输入量与输液速度实际要求量的差距,并观察对应的莫菲滴管内滴速。结果液体性质对滴速的影响有统计学意义,P<0.05;液面高度对滴速的影响有统计学意义,P<0.05;不同液量对滴速的影响无统计学意义,P>0.05;头皮针型号对滴速的影响有统计学意义,P<0.05。结论在输液刻度15-60ml的范围内,各调整7ml后,其输出量与输液速度要求量相近。     

血小板计数与脾面积比值和血小板计数与脾长径比值诊断乙肝肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张的对比研究

目的比较血小板计数与脾面积比值(PC/SA)和血小板计数与脾长径比值(PC/SD)诊断乙肝肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张(EV)的价值。方法选取在我院就诊的172例乙肝肝硬化患者,根据胃镜检查结果分为EV组121例和无EV组51例,均行胃镜、血常规及腹部超声检查,采集血小板计数(PC)、脾长径、脾厚径,计算PC/SA和PC/SD。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价PC/SA、PC/SD诊断EV的价值,比较两者诊断效能。结果EV组脾长径和脾厚径均大于无EV组,EV组PC、PC/SA及PC/SD均小于无EV组(均P<0.001)。PC/SA诊断EV的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.846(95%可信区间:0.784~0.897),截断值为10.29时,其诊断敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为79.4%、76.5%、88.9%、60.9%;PC/SD诊断EV的AUC为0.816(95%可信区间:0.750~0.871),截断值为629.65时,其诊断敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为87.6%、64.7%、85.5%、68.7%。PC/SA诊断EV的AUC高于PC/SD(0.846 vs.0.816,Z=2.954,P=0.003)。结论PC/SA与PC/SD均可用于诊断乙肝肝硬化患者EV,PC/SA诊断价值更高,具有较好的临床推广应用潜力。     

心肌梗死前心绞痛和白细胞计数对急性心肌梗死患者左室射血功能的影响

目的探讨心肌梗死前心绞痛和白细胞计数与急性心肌梗死(AMI)后左室射血分数(LVEF)的关系。方法选择48例初发的前壁ST段抬高AMI患者,均在入院时检测白细胞计数,入院后30 min内溶栓治疗,记录AMI发生前24 h内出现的心绞痛,在入院时和出院前测LVEF。结果白细胞计数升高与出院前低LVEF有关;心肌梗死前心绞痛与出院前LVEF的增加有关,有心肌梗死前心绞痛患者白细胞计数更低。Logistic回归分析显示白细胞计数、心肌梗死前心绞痛均与LVEF密切相关。结论白细胞计数升高和心肌梗死前心绞痛的缺乏与再灌注治疗后LVEF受损有关,心肌梗死前心绞痛可能通过抗炎作用使LVEF改善。     

Eugenol (an essential oil of clove) acts as an antibacterial agent against Salmonella typhi by disrupting the cellular membrane

Aim of the study

To evaluate the antibacterial activity of eugenol and its mechanism of bactericidal action against Salmonella typhi.

Materials and methods

The antibacterial activity was checked by disc-diffusion method, MIC, MBC, time course assay and pH sensitivity assay. The chemo-attractant property of eugenol was verified by chemotaxis assay. The mode of action of eugenol was determined by crystal violet assay, measurement of release of 260 nm absorbing material, SDS-PAGE, FT-IR spectroscopy, AFM and SEM.

Results

Treatment with eugenol at their MIC (0.0125%) and MBC (0.025%) reduced the viability and resulted in complete inhibition of the organism. Eugenol inactivated Salmonella typhi within 60 min exposure. The chemo-attractant property of eugenol combined with the observed high antibacterial activity at alkaline pH favors the fact that the compound can work more efficiently when given in vivo. Eugenol increased the permeability of the membrane, as evidenced by crystal violet assay. The measurement of release of 260 nm absorbing intracellular materials, SDS-PAGE, SEM and AFM analysis confirmed the disruptive action of eugenol on cytoplasmic membrane. The deformation of macromolecules in the membrane, upon treatment with eugenol was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the antibacterial activity of eugenol against Salmonella typhi is due to the interaction of eugenol on bacterial cell membrane.     

Immunomodulatory potential of rhizome and seed extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nymphaeaceae) is a well-known aquatic plant which has been used for the treatment of several disorders including skin disease, cough, inflammation, fever and many other disorders.

Aim of the study

To explore the immunomodulatory activity of extract of rhizome (NNRE) and seed (NNSE) of the plant.

Materials and methods

The immunomodulatory activity of NNRE and NNSE was evaluated using various in vivo models including the total and differential leukocyte count (TLC and DLC), nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction (NBT) test, neutrophil adhesion test, phagocytic response and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC, 5 × 10⁹ cells/ml) were used to immunize the animals. NNRE and NNSE at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg were administrated.

Result

The TLC and lymphocyte count increased significantly but the neutrophil count was decreased for NNRE and NNSE treated groups compared to the control. A dose-dependent potentiation of DTH reaction induced by SRBC was observed from the extracts. The percentage of neutrophil adhesion to the nylon fiber was increased in NNRE treated groups (63.22 and 62.91%) compared to the NNSE treated group (54.86 and 54.23%). A potential phagocytic response was seen on treatment of the extracts, and significant changes were observed in the formation of formazone crystals.

Conclusion

This finding suggests that the extract of rhizome and seed Nelumbo nucifera stimulate defense system by modulating several immunological parameters.     

小儿肺炎不同感染病原体类型外周血WBC和血清CRP、PCT水平特点及其相关性研究

目的探讨小儿肺炎不同感染病原体类型患儿外周血白细胞计数(WBC)及血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)水平特点及其与小儿肺炎严重程度的相关性。方法回顾性选取2017年4月至2019年2月朝阳市第二医院收治的158例肺炎患儿,其中细菌性肺炎(BP) 53例,支原体肺炎(MP) 64例,病毒性肺炎(VP) 41例;并根据小儿肺炎严重程度分为重症肺炎21例和轻症肺炎137例。同时选择同期30例健康体检儿童作为健康对照组(HC组)。所有受试对象均进行外周血WBC和血清CRP、PCT水平检测。结果 BP组外周血WBC及血清CRP、PCT水平均显著高于MP组、VP组和HC组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);MP组与VP组血清CRP、PCT浓度均显著高于HC组,MP组血清CRP含量显著高于VP组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。除VP组、HC组的血清CRP阳性率比较差异无统计学意义外,其他各组肺炎患儿与HC组的外周血WBC和血清CRP、PCT的阳性率差异与其血中水平差异一致。BP组血清PCT、CRP阳性率均显著高于外周血WBC阳性率,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。MP组血清PCT阳性率均显著高于血清CRP和外周血WBC的阳性率,而血清CRP阳性率显著高于外周血WBC阳性率,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。VP组血清PCT阳性率均显著高于血清CRP及外周血WBC的阳性率,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。重症肺炎组外周血WBC和血清CRP、PCT水平均显著高于轻症肺炎组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论外周血WBC水平对BP具有一定的诊断价值,血清CRP浓度有助于鉴别VP与非VP,血清PCT含量则有助于鉴别BP与非BP,且3项指标联合检测能更好地区分不同感染病原体类型的小儿肺炎,并与患儿病情的严重程度密切相关。     

自然沉降法和撞击法在空气细菌总数测定中的应用和比较

目的 探讨自然沉降法和撞击法进行空气采样对化妆品生产车间空气细菌总数测定结果的影响。方法 测量了44只实验用玻璃平皿的直径;用自然沉降法(平皿暴露5min)和撞击法（MAS-100空气微生物采样器)在化妆品生产车间同步采样;同时用撞击法以100L／min进行30s、2min、8min的空气采样,对不同采样方法所测定的空气细菌总数进行分析,并探讨了实验过程中的质量控制。结果 44只玻璃平皿直径为8．39～8．70cm,均小于标准直径(9．00cm)。与撞击法比较,同一环境的空气经沉降法采样所测定的空气细菌总数变异系数较大,中位数较高,合格率较低。撞击法采样8min时(800L)所测定的空气细菌总数下降。结论 撞击法受环境因素影响小,精确度较好,一般情况下可优先采用,但采样时间较长(空气采样体积较大)时,捕获空气细菌效率下降。沉降法测定结果精确度较差,适宜在空气流速小且稳定、空气洁净度高、需要较长采样时间(8～30min)的环境采用。当沉降法采用的玻璃平皿直径不等于9cm时,测定结果需要校正。