Extended axillary block (E. A. B.)

Key words  axillary - block     

神经生长因子偶联物对老年性痴呆动物模型的保护作用

目的　探讨神经生长因子偶联物 (NGF -Tf)对老年性痴呆 (AD)大鼠的影响 .方法　以手术切断大鼠双侧隔 -海马胆碱能通路的方法建立AD动物模型 ,每天从大鼠尾静脉注射NGF -Tf .通过水迷路试验观察大鼠的记忆和方向辨别能力 ;对海马和隔区行神经组织学检查 ;应用酶组织化学技术显示相应区域的ChAT ,采用计算机病理图像分析系统测定酶活性以判断其胆碱能功能状态 .结果　水迷路试验中 ,NGF -Tf组在 10s内抵达平台的正确反应平均数提高 (p <0 .0 5 ) .光镜下 ,NGF -Tf组隔区仅见轻微萎缩性改变 ,而模型组隔区萎缩性改变较明显 ,表现为神经元数目明显减少 ,细胞轮廓不清 ,有胶质细胞增生 ;正常对照组、NGF -Tf组和模型组的海马区未见明显病理性改变 .ChAT染色统计结果显示 ,正常对照组、NGF -Tf组大鼠的海马区及隔区IOD值与模型组比较 ,均有显著性差异 (p <0 .0 1) .结论　NGF -Tf能穿透血脑屏障 ,有效防止模拟AD病变的大鼠的基底前脑胆碱能神经元的变性和死亡 ,改善其记忆和方向辨别能力 ,促进其胆碱能神经元的功能恢复     

Local blood flow and metabolism of the tongue before and during panting in the dog

Summary The effects of hyperthermia on blood flow and oxygen consumption of the tongue were investigated in anesthetized dogs. For comparison, blood flow through the skin and deep muscle of the hind leg was also measured in some animals. Increasing blood temperature revealed a biphasic response of lingual blood flow. At 41°C blood temperature respiratory frequency was twice that of control and there was a reduction of lingual blood flow, while resistance of the lingual bed was increased significantly. The arterio-venous oxygen difference (AVDO₂) of lingual blood was markedly increased at this level and the of the tongue was like-wise significantly greater than control. At 41.9°C, the steep increase of respiratory frequency was accompanied by a marked fall in lingual resistance as evidenced by a four-fold increase of lingual blood flow. The systemic AVDO₂ rose at this temperature, while the lingual AVDO₂ fell dramatically. There was no further increase of lingual . At both temperature levels the blood flow through the skin did not change substantially, while the deep muscle blood flow slightly increased. The mean arterial pressure showed a progressive fall during hyperthermia. It is assumed that the decrease of lingual blood flow at elevated blood temperature without panting is due to a redistribution of cardiac output to areas other than the tongue. The increase of lingual blood flow without an additional increase of lingual during panting may be explained solely as a mechanism for heat dissipation. The fact that the decrease of lingual resistance was demonstrated in immobilized animals concomitant with high frequency phrenic burst activity suggests that the decrease of lingual resistance and panting may be induced by a common central integrating mechanism.     

分析探讨神经干复合动作电位

目的：讨论分析蛙神经干动作电位，为电生理实验课教学提供一些创新思路。方法：制备蛙的坐骨神经标本，在原有教学实验设计的基础上，就记录距离。麻药阻滞对神经干复合动作电位的波形、幅度、潜伏期及时程的影响，传导速度的计算方法等问题进行深入分析。结果：增大两记录电极距离，在一定范围内第一相峰值逐渐升高，持续时间延长，第二相峰值逐渐减小，电位持续时间逐渐延长，记录两点间滴加麻药，动作电位的波形第一相峰值逐步加大，第二相逐渐变小，直至消失形成单相动作电位；利用顶点所测速度与起点法测量值不相等。结论：讨论分析该实验结果能更好地使学生理解神经干复合动作电位的原理，牢固掌握基本的电生理知识。     

Nasal congestion as a side effect of cromolyn sodium

Cromolyn sodium, a recently introduced antiasthmatic medication, is known occasionally to produce maculopapular and urticarial rashes, and increased bronchospasm. A patient is reported with a previously unpublished side effect of this medication, i.e., severe nasal congestion.     

孕鼠被动吸烟对子代学习记忆功能及海马神经生长因子含量的影响

目的 探讨孕鼠被动吸烟对子代学习记忆功能的影响及其机制。方法 采用反映学习记忆功能的水迷宫法测试大鼠神经行为的改变，IRMA法测定大鼠海马神经生长因子的含量变化。结果 孕期被动吸烟使仔鼠学习记忆能力下降，海马神经生长因子含量明显降低。结论 孕期被动吸烟降低仔鼠学习记忆功能与海马神经生长因子代谢的失调有关。     

Superfluousness of motor innervation for the formation of muscle spindles in neonatal rats

Summary Muscle spindles form de novo in reinnervated muscles of neonatal rats treated with nerve growth factor. Whether the spindles can also form in muscle reinnervated only by afferents was investigated by removing the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord immediately after crushing the nerve to the medial gastrocnemius muscle at birth, and administering nerve growth factor for 10 days afterwards. As predicted, the medial gastrocnemius muscles were reinnervated by afferents, but not efferents. No motor endplates were visible on any muscle fibers, and extrafusal fibers were atrophied. The reinnervated muscles contained spindle-like encapsulations of one to four fibers at 5, 7, 9 and 30 days after the nerve crush. The number of spindles as well as encapsulated fibers exceeded that of normal medial gastrocnemius muscles. The encapsulated fibers resembled typical intrafusal fibers. They had normal sensory-muscle contacts, but no motor endings. The fibers displayed equatorial clusters of myonuclei and expressed the spindle-specific slow-tonic myosin heavy chain isoform at postnatal day 30. Thus, efferents are not essential for the formation and differentiation of muscle spindles in reinnervated muscles of neonatal rats.     

脊髓型颈椎病对周围神经传导的影响

目的：探讨颈脊髓损伤对周围神经功能的影响。方法：对３２例脊髓型颈椎病患者分别于术前、术后１～５天及３个月三次检测周围神经传导速度。结果：术前下肢远段感觉神经传导速度和波幅异常者占８１％，于术后３个月内复查发现已明显恢复。结论：颈脊髓损伤对下肢远段感觉神经传导功能有影响     

大鼠嗅球和鼻腔嗅粘膜成鞘细胞的形态学研究

目的：观察大鼠嗅神经成鞘细胞在嗅球和嗅粘膜的分布及其形态学结构特征，研究其与中枢神经再生的关系。方法：Luxol固蓝染色、Mallory染色和NGFRp75免疫组织化学染色结合透射电镜观察。结果：在嗅球纤维层的成鞘细胞随神经纤维呈纵向排列，在嗅小球层的成鞘细胞则围绕着嗅小球环行排列。在嗅粘膜的成鞘细胞位于柱状上皮深方，沿基底膜分布。成鞘细胞的胞体为细长梭形，有较长的突起，细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形。在嗅小球周围或嗅粘膜内的成鞘细胞呈NGFRp75免疫反应阳性。在电镜下，嗅球成鞘细胞的纵断面上可见其胞体呈长梭形，细胞核为不规则形，核仁清晰。在胞体的周围有大量的平行神经纤维纵向排列，在放大的横断面上，可见在1个成鞘细胞的细胞核周围有数根神经纤维被胞质包裹在一起。结论：嗅成鞘细胞是一种特殊的胶质细胞，分布于嗅球的纤维层、嗅小球层和嗅粘膜内。嗅神经成鞘细胞的胞体细长，有较长突起，其轴系膜紧密包裹成束的无髓神经纤维。     

组织工程在周围神经缺损修复中的应用

近年来组织工程学的迅速发展使其在周围神经修复方面有了，“阔的发展空间。组织工程的核心是建立细胞与生物材料的三维空间复合体，即具有生命力的活体组织，用以对病损组织进行形态、结构和功能的重建并达到永久性替代。其重点问题包括：导管材料的选择以及神经生长的微环境。