贵州兴义市麻风菌株基因分型及传播链分析

目的根据麻风菌株基因型分析传播链特点。方法对2004—2009年贵州省兴义市发现的50例新发和复发麻风病患者的菌株17个串联重复序列（VNTR）位点分型,结合患者地理分布分析病例感染、传播之间的流行病学特征。结果根据AC8b、AC9、AC8a、6-7等位点基因型,兴义市流行的麻风菌有6种基因型相似的聚类株,兴义菌株在 rpoT、21-3、27-5、23-3和（GGT）5位点的拷贝数完全一致,但2号和5号聚集株在12-5位点和18-8位点的拷贝数分别是4,为兴义市所特有菌株;为聚集株的26例患者中,有7例为复发病例,21例有明确的感染传播关系;1号和4号聚类株内的15例患者（57.7%）主要分布在兴义市东南部,4号聚类株为聚集在同一自然村内的布依族患者;家内患者之间感染的菌株基因型不相同。结论兴义市多种菌株与特有菌株长期共存是兴义麻风病高流行的重要因素,具有麻风易感体质的家内成员可感染周围存在的不同菌株而发病;为阻断传播,针对家内接触者和高发乡村加强发现早期病例和进行化学预防很有必要。     

PCR—ELISA测定结核分枝杆菌DNA临床应用评价

目的　评价聚合酶链反应 酶联免疫吸附试验 (PCR ELISA)测定结核分枝杆菌DNA临床应用价值。方法　用PCR ELISA测定 436例肺结核、172例非结核病人痰标本中的结核分枝杆菌DNA ,并结合临床诊断和痰菌检查对实验结果进行分析。结果　 436例活动性肺结核病人本法最终阳性 341例 ,阳性率 78.2 1% ,其中痰菌阳性病人本法阳性率为 97.0 7% ,痰菌阴性病人阳性率为 5 5 .33 % (10 9/ 197) ;而 172例对照患者只有 3例假阳性 ,假阳性率 1.74%。结论　本法测定痰液结核分枝杆菌DNA对肺结核的诊断具有很高的敏感性和特异性 ,尤其对痰菌阴性的活动性肺结核病人具有重要辅助诊断价值     

聚合酶链反应—增强化学发光检测结核分枝杆菌

目的 探讨微孔板杂交技术结合增强化学发光（ECL）检测结核分枝杆菌（MTB）。方法 同时应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）－ECL、PCR－比色法与PCR电泳检测60例活动性肺结核和54例健康对照痰标本，比较结果。结果 PCR－ECL、PCR－比色法与PCR电泳总阳性率分别为76.7%、63.3%、50.0%，其中PCR－ECL阳性率显著高于PCR电泳（P＜0.05)；对涂片阳性标本，阳性率分别为85.7%、85.7%、71.4%，差异无显著性（P＞0.05)；对涂片阴性标本，阳性率分别为73.9%、56.5%、43.5%，PCR－ECL阳性率高于PCR电泳（P＜0.05)。另外PCR－ECL、PCR－比色法与PCR电泳特异性分别为92.6%、96.3%、96.3%，差异无显著性（P＞0.05)。结论 PCR－ECL灵敏度高，能提高临床标本MTB检出率，尤其是对涂片阴性痰标本，并且该方法操作简单，结果客观。     

新型二聚体蝎型探针技术在结核分枝杆菌荧光定量聚合酶链反应中的应用

目的利用二聚体蝎型荧光探针技术，建立一种敏感特异、快速价廉且能广泛应用的结核分枝杆菌DNA荧光定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测方法。方法构建重组质粒pMD18-T-senX3-regX3 IR作为标准品，自行设计二聚体蝎型探针，优化定量PCR体系，并进行方法学评价及初步临床应用。结果（1）成功构建了重组质粒pMD18-T-senX3-regX3IR。（2）建立了利用二聚体蝎型荧光探针的荧光定量PCR方法，其线性范围：10^1～10^7拷贝／μ1；灵敏度：10^1拷贝／μ1；重复性：批内变异系数（CV）为2．35％，批间CV为3．17％，日间CV为4．06％；特异性100％；（3）初步临床应用证明：该方法比商品化Taqman方法阳性检出率更高，检测时间更短和成本也明显降低。结论本研究首次建立了以二聚体蝎型荧光探针技术为平台的结核分枝杆菌荧光定量聚合酶链反应（FQ-PCR）方法，这为应用二聚体蝎型荧光探针技术开辟检测结核分枝杆菌的分子诊断新途径奠定了一定的基础。     

BACTEC MGIT 960仪在肺结核病诊断中的应用

[目的]探讨BACTEC MGIT 960仪在肺结核病诊断中的应用。[方法]应用BACTEC MGIT 960仪对肺结核病人的痰标本进行培养，并与BACTEC TB 460仪、改良罗氏培养法及涂片抗酸染色法进行对照。[结果]BACTEC MGIT 960仪阳性率为31．96％，与BACTEC TB 460仪的阳性率接近，比改良罗氏培养法及涂片抗酸染色法高。[结论]BACTEC MGIT 960仪能显著缩短（初代阳性平均分离时间为11．6d，比BACTEC TB 460仪快1．9d，比改良罗氏培养法快9．1d。）报告时间，且阳性检出率高。     

血清结核分枝杆菌TB-SA抗体在结核病诊断中的临床价值

目的 研究血清结核分枝杆菌(TB-SA)抗体检测在结核病诊断中的临床价值.方法 对472例结核病、非结核呼吸系疾患患者、健康志愿者同时进行结核分枝杆菌涂片、培养、PPD皮试、TB-SA抗体检测.结果 TB-SA抗体检测菌阳肺结核、菌阴肺结核、肺外结核的敏感性分别为77.6%、72.2%、79.7%,诊断结核病的敏感性为76.3%,特异性为84.2%.TB-SA抗体阳性检出率对初、复治结核病患者无显著性差异. TB-SA抗体检测A405与PPD不成线性关系,不受结核病患者卡介苗反应的影响.结论 TB-SA抗体检测诊断结核病有较好的敏感性和特异性,对菌阴肺结核、肺外结核特别有价值.     

Hodgkin Lymphoma after Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense Infection,Germany

Mycobacterium genavense infection, a rare nontuberculous mycobacteria infection, occurs in heavily immunocompromised patients (i.e., those with advanced HIV disease, genetic disorders, or acquired immunologic disorders and those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy). We report a case of disseminated M. genavense infection preceding Hodgkin lymphoma in a patient without obvious risk factors for this infection.     

Drop‐offs in the isoniazid preventive therapy cascade among children living with HIV in western Kenya, 2015–2019

IntroductionIsoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) can reduce the risk of tuberculosis (TB) in children living with HIV (CLHIV), but data on the outcomes of the IPT cascade in CLHIV are limited.MethodsWe evaluated the IPT cascade among CLHIV aged <15 years and newly enrolled in HIV care in eight HIV clinics in western Kenya. Medical record data were abstracted from September 2015 through July 2019. We assessed the proportion of CLHIV completing TB symptom screening, IPT eligibility assessment, IPT initiation and completion. TB incidence rate was calculated stratified by IPT initiation and completion status. Risk factors for IPT non‐initiation and non‐completion were assessed using Poisson regression with generalized linear models.ResultsOverall, 856 CLHIV were newly enrolled in HIV care, of whom 98% ([95% CI 97–99]; n = 841) underwent screening for TB symptoms and IPT eligibility. Of these, 13 (2%; 95% CI 1–3) were ineligible due to active TB and 828 (98%; 95% CI 97–99) were eligible. Five hundred and fifty‐nine (68%; 95% CI 64–71) of eligible CLHIV initiated IPT; median time to IPT initiation was 3.6 months (interquartile range [IQR] 0.5–10.2). Overall, 434 (78%; 95% CI 74–81) IPT initiators completed. Attending high‐volume HIV clinics (aRR = 2.82; 95% CI 1.20–6.62) was independently associated with IPT non‐initiation. IPT non‐initiation had a trend of being higher among those enrolled in the period 2017–2019 versus 2015–2016 (aRR = 1.91; 0.98–3.73) and those who were HIV virally non‐suppressed (aRR = 1.90; 95% CI 0.98–3.71). Being enrolled in 2017–2019 versus 2015–2016 (aRR = 1.40; 1.01–1.96) was independently associated with IPT non‐completion. By 24 months after IPT screening, TB incidence was four‐fold higher among eligible CLHIV who never initiated (8.1 per 1000 person years [PY]) compared to CLHIV who completed IPT (2.1 per 1000 PY; rate ratio [RR] = 3.85; 95% CI 1.08–17.15), with a similar trend among CLHIV who initiated but did not complete IPT (8.2/1000 PY; RR = 4.39; 95% CI 0.82–23.56).ConclusionsDespite high screening for eligibility, timely IPT initiation and completion were suboptimal among eligible CLHIV in this programmatic cohort. Targeted programmatic interventions are needed to address these drop‐offs from the IPT cascade by ensuring timely IPT initiation after ruling out active TB and enhancing completion of the 6‐month course to reduce TB in CLHIV.     

NRAMP1基因和人类对结核分枝杆菌的易感性

NRAMP1基因,又称SLC11A1基因,位于2号染色体长臂35区(2q35),包括15个外显子及内含子4中交替出现的1个外显子,长13 604 bp.NRAMP1的常见多态性基因有D543N、3′UTR、INT4和5′(GT)n等,和结核易感性相关.NRAMP1蛋白由巨噬细胞表达,是一种H+/二价阳离子的反向转运体,对巨噬细胞的功能有多效性.此文对NRAMP1基因及其和MTB的易感相关性的研究结果进行综述.     

耐多药结核病诊断方法研究进展

耐多药结核病的防治对于结核病的防控具有重要意义,已成为结核病防治的难点和热点问题。早期对结核病患者进行耐多药检测能够提高耐多药结核病患者的治疗成功率。耐多药结核病的诊断方法包括传统的培养方法及新型分子生物学诊断方法。作者对耐多药结核病的诊断方法进行综述,以期为耐多药结核病防治提供科学依据。