筛选细菌致病基因的几种常用方法

以致病基因作为靶点的药物为我们提供了从基因水平预防、治疗疾病的可能,筛选致病基因,成为攻克细菌、病毒乃至遗传因素导致的疾病的一个重要课题。筛选方法不断地改革与创新,针对不同的研究目的需要合理地选择筛选方法,本文简要介绍几种常用的细菌致病基因的筛选方法。     

颅内生殖细胞瘤适形调强放射治疗及剂量学研究

目的应用半野和适形调强全脑全脊髓放射治疗技术治疗颅内生殖细胞瘤,评价其疗效及毒性反应。方法 12例颅内生殖细胞瘤患者,其中男性10例,女性2例;年龄15～28岁,中位年龄21岁。给予CT模拟定位,采用半野和适形调强放射治疗技术治疗,全脑全脊髓的放射治疗剂量为25.2 Gy（14次）,肿瘤病灶的放射治疗总剂量为45 Gy（25次）,每天每次1.8 Gy,5次/周,治疗后及随后每3个月评价1次疗效,随访时间为1～60个月,中位随访时间36个月。结果放射治疗结束后评价,完全缓解11例,部分缓解1例,近期临床受益率为100%。除1例失访外,其余11例均生存。放射治疗剂量学研究：经适形调强优化后的技术剂量分布优于常规定位技术,定位时间明显缩短[（8.83±1.55）s vs（40.8±2.4）s]。结论半野技术结合适形调强放射治疗技术治疗颅内生殖细胞瘤,优化了放射治疗剂量学,操作方便,疗效好,并发症少。     

Integrating Patient Reported Outcomes With Clinical Cancer Registry Data: A Feasibility Study of the Electronic Patient-Reported Outcomes From Cancer Survivors (ePOCS) System

Background

Routine measurement of Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) linked with clinical data across the patient pathway is increasingly important for informing future care planning. The innovative electronic Patient-reported Outcomes from Cancer Survivors (ePOCS) system was developed to integrate PROs, collected online at specified post-diagnostic time-points, with clinical and treatment data in cancer registries.

Objective

This study tested the technical and clinical feasibility of ePOCS by running the system with a sample of potentially curable breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer patients in their first 15 months post diagnosis.

Methods

Patients completed questionnaires comprising multiple Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) via ePOCS within 6 months (T1), and at 9 (T2) and 15 (T3) months, post diagnosis. Feasibility outcomes included system informatics performance, patient recruitment, retention, representativeness and questionnaire completion (response rate), patient feedback, and administration burden involved in running the system.

Results

ePOCS ran efficiently with few technical problems. Patient participation was 55.21% (636/1152) overall, although varied by approach mode, and was considerably higher among patients approached face-to-face (61.4%, 490/798) than by telephone (48.8%, 21/43) or letter (41.0%, 125/305). Older and less affluent patients were less likely to join (both P<.001). Most non-consenters (71.1%, 234/329) cited information technology reasons (ie, difficulty using a computer). Questionnaires were fully or partially completed by 85.1% (541/636) of invited participants at T1 (80 questions total), 70.0% (442/631) at T2 (102-108 questions), and 66.3% (414/624) at T3 (148-154 questions), and fully completed at all three time-points by 57.6% (344/597) of participants. Reminders (mainly via email) effectively prompted responses. The PROs were successfully linked with cancer registry data for 100% of patients (N=636). Participant feedback was encouraging and positive, with most patients reporting that they found ePOCS easy to use and that, if asked, they would continue using the system long-term (86.2%, 361/419). ePOCS was not administratively burdensome to run day-to-day, and patient-initiated inquiries averaged just 11 inquiries per month.

Conclusions

The informatics underlying the ePOCS system demonstrated successful proof-of-concept – the system successfully linked PROs with registry data for 100% of the patients. The majority of patients were keen to engage. Participation rates are likely to improve as the Internet becomes more universally adopted. ePOCS can help overcome the challenges of routinely collecting PROs and linking with clinical data, which is integral for treatment and supportive care planning and for targeting service provision.     

Personalized Massive Open Online Course for Childhood Cancer Survivors: Behind the Scenes

Background  Today, in France, it is estimated that 1 in 850 people aged between 20 and 45 years has been treated for childhood cancer, which equals 40,000 to 50,000 people. As late effects of the cancer and its treatment affect a large number of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) and only 30% of them benefit from an efficient long-term follow-up care for prevention, early detection, and treatment of late effects, health education of CCS represents a challenge of public health. Objectives  Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are a recent innovative addition to the online learning landscape. This entertaining and practical tool could easily allow a deployment at a national level and make reliable information available for all the CCS in the country, wherever they live. Methods  The MOOC team brings together a large range of specialists involved in the long-term follow-up care, but also associations of CCS, video producers, a communication consultant, a pedagogical designer, a cartoonist and a musician. We have designed three modules addressing transversal issues (lifestyle, importance of psychological support, risks of fertility problems) and eight modules covering organ-specific problems. Detailed data on childhood cancer treatments received were used to allocate the specific modules to each participant. Results  This paper presents the design of the MOOC entitled “Childhood Cancer, Living Well, After,” and how its feasibility and its impact on CCS knowledge will be measured. The MOOC about long-term follow-up after childhood cancer, divided into 11 modules, involved 130 participants in its process, and resulted in a 170-minute film. The feasibility study included 98 CCS (31 males vs. 67 females; p  < 0.0001). Conclusion  Such personalized, free, and online courses with an online forum and a possible psychologist consultation based on unique characteristics and needs of each survivor population could improve adherence to long-term follow-up without alarming them unnecessarily.     

ICU患者双上肢握力及髋关节屈曲拉力水平及其影响因素

目的调查ICU患者双上肢握力及髋关节屈曲拉力及其主要影响因素。 方法选取2019年4月至7月青海省人民医院77例ICU患者为研究对象,男性55例,女性22例,平均年龄（56.09±18.44）岁。收集患者一般病例资料（包括一般社会学资料,入住ICU后,出ICU前及出ICU时评价指标）,测量其在入住ICU时和出ICU时双上肢握力及髋关节屈曲拉力。 结果患者入住ICU时及出ICU时,上肢握力分别为（22.14±10.91）kg、（23.22±12.01）kg,差异有统计学意义（t=2.490,P=0.015）;髋关节屈曲拉力分别为（9.99±6.23）kg、（11.14±7.87）kg,差异有统计学意义（t=4.605,P＜0.001）。患者出ICU时,ADL评分较入住ICU时有显著改善,差异有统计学意义（Z=4.401,P＜0.001）,患者营养不良比例、红细胞、血红蛋白较入住ICU时有显著性下降,差异有统计学意义（χ²=65.07,t=5.208,t=2.688,P＜0.05）,其余化验指标均无显著性改变（P＞0.05）。患者上肢握力与年龄（r=-0.540）、性别（r=-0.415）、婚姻状况（r=-0.512）、住ICU天数（r=-0.304）、机械通气天数（r=-0.246）、人工气道天数呈显著性负相关（r=-0.224）,与ADL评分（r=0.316）呈显著正相关;髋关节屈曲拉力与性别（r=-0.452）、营养状态（r=-0.334）呈显著负相关。 结论ICU患者上肢握力及髋关节屈曲拉力呈现较低水平,随着疾病恢复逐渐增强。对于高龄、女性、有吸烟史、有饮酒史及已婚的患者在住ICU期间要更加关注其肌肉健康状态,患者住ICU期间要根据病情尽早拔除人工气道、缩短机械通气的时间,同时要加强患者的营养,为预防ICU患者肌肉衰减做好预防工作。     

三维超声监测肛提肌裂孔形态改变动态评估女性产后盆底器官脱垂的研究

目的:研究分析三维超声监测肛提肌裂孔形态改变动态评估女性产后盆底器官脱垂的价值。方法:选取2019年6月—2020年10月在我院诊治的40例肛提肌裂孔形态改变研究对象作为此次研究组研究对象,收集40例同一时期的未孕女性为参照组。同时给予两组研究对象三维超声监测,分析三维超声监测在,女性提肌裂孔形态改变动态评估女性产后盆底器官脱垂的价值。结果:在三维超声监测下,可以知道在不同状态下研究组的肛提肌裂孔面积均大于参照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在不同状态下研究组的产后盆底器官脱垂情况对比,研究组与参照组研究对象的静息下直肠壶腹部组间没有明显差异,其自身不存在统计学意义(P>0.05),除此之外的静息下子宫颈、静息下膀胱、瓦氏动作下直肠壶腹部、瓦氏动作下子宫颈以及瓦氏动作下膀胱的两组研究对象的位置存在很大的差异,经过统计学软件分析可以得到其自身组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:肛提肌裂孔形态改变研究对象经过三维超声监测,可以动态评估自身存在产后的盆地器官脱落情况,得到肛提肌裂孔的形态、大小以及变化趋势,实现疾病的良好预测。     

Surgical treatment of advanced medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: Comparison of soft tissue closure techniques and evaluation of side effects

The aim of the study was to evaluate the surgical outcome of patients with advanced medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) treated with different flaps for soft tissue closure. Only MRONJ stage III patients with a minimum follow-up of 6 months were included in our prospective study. The soft tissue closure techniques were: Mylohyoid Muscle Flap, Buccal Fat Flap and mucoperiosteal flap alone. Potential risk factors and surgical side effects were analyzed. Relapses occurred in 12 of 44 included cases and 38 reached mucosal integrity within the follow-up. Cases treated with the muscle or fat flap showed better results regarding the recurrence rate (p < 0.001) and soft tissue healing (p = 0.002): only 3 of 33 developed a relapse, and 31 of 33 reached mucosal integrity. The outcome was worse if MRONJ occurred at the front areas of the jaw (p = 0.025). Postoperative, the pain level was reduced significantly (p < 0.001). Partial hypoesthesia of the lip arose in 18 cases. An impairment of the long-term prosthetic rehabilitation has not been seen.Patients with MRONJ stage III undergoing surgery benefit from extensive soft tissue closure.     

Validity of a portable hanging scale to assess the isometric muscle strength during knee movement

Inexpensive and practical equipment to assess muscle strength can disseminate objective measures, which can provide valid information to implement effective treatment and exercise training. The purpose of the study was to examine the instrumental validity of the hanging scale (HS) to assess the muscle strength during knee flexion and extension by comparing the peak force values to a standard equipment (laboratory-grade load cell [LLC]). Knee isometric strength was assessed on thirty-two subjects (16 women and 16 men, 22 [5] years, 171 [9] cm, 69 [15] kg, 23 [4] kg/m²). The knee flexion was tested by placing the volunteer's body in prone with the knee flexed at 90°. Knee extension was assessed with the volunteer seated on a chair with the feet resting on the floor, knees, and hips flexed at 90°. No differences were observed comparing the isometric peak forces between a laboratory-grade load cell and a HS (p > 0.05). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)_1,1 returned values above 0.90. The Cronbach's α test also returned values above 0.90 for all comparisons. Bland-Altman results showed high levels of agreement with low risk of bias. The HS appears to be a valid method to assess the knee isometric strength. The portability, the cost-effectiveness and the simple user-friendly system provides an effective way to assess the knee isometric strength.