基因诊断技术在脊柱结核诊断中的应用现状

脊柱结核是一种常见的肺外结核病。近年来,随着脊柱结核患者逐年增多,不典型脊柱结核患者亦逐渐增多,而不典型脊柱结核诊断较为困难,需要与一般细菌感染、肿瘤以及非结核分枝杆菌感染相鉴别。基因诊断技术是一项诊断脊柱结核的重要工具,对临床不典型脊柱结核的诊断有较高价值。本文将对脊柱结核的流行现状、诊断及基因诊断技术进行综述,以帮助临床工作者对脊柱结核做出更加准确的诊断。     

Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis and leprosy by enzyme immunoassay

Objective: To evaluate the use of serodiagnosis for tuberculosis and leprosy using mycobacterial antigen 38 kDa, with kits from Omega laboratories, to detect IgG by enzyme immunoassay (EIA).
Method: The study population consisted of 58 patients with evidence of tuberculous infection (culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex or microscopic evidence), of whom 23 had pulmonary and 35 had extrapulmonary disease. There were six subjects who had recently been treated for tuberculosis, 11 patients on treatment for leprosy and 137 patients suspected of having tuberculosis on clinical or radiologic grounds (without laboratory evidence). A control group comprised 35 healthy individuals or patients suffering from diseases other than tuberculosis.
Results: The tests showed that there was a significant difference in antibody levels between the patients with active pulmonary disease, extrapulmonary tuberculosis and leprosy in comparison with the control group ( p <0.001). The sensitivities of the two tests together for proven pulmonary tuberculosis were 100% and 95.7% at 1.0–1.5 and >1.6 EIA cut-off points respectively, while the specificities were 88.5% and 100% at the same cut-off points. The sensitivities for extrapulmonary tuberculosis were 71.4% and only 51.4% at 1.0–1.5 and >1.6 EIA cut-off points. The test was positive in 30 (21.9%) of the 137 suspected patients, while 43 (31.4%) had an equivocal result and the remaining 64 (47.7%) suspects were definitely negative. There was again a significant difference in positivity rates between suspects and the control group.
Conclusions: Omega IgG test is useful in the serodiagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis and leprosy, but less sensitive in extrapulmonary disease, particularly in children. Equivocal results may only add to the evidence of tuberculosis in early or minimal disease.     

In-vitro activity of rifabutin against rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with known rpoB mutations

The relationship between resistance to rifampicin and rifabutin and genetic alterations in the rpoB gene of 41 rifampicin-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was evaluated. Although 35 isolates with rifampicin MICs > or = 32 mg/L were also rifabutin-resistant, six isolates with rifampicin MICs of 2-16 mg/L were susceptible to rifabutin (MIC < or = 0.5 mg/L). Mutations Asp516Val, Asp516Tyr, Leu533Pro and the double mutation Met515Ile and Leu533Pro influenced susceptibility to rifampicin, but not to rifabutin. All mutations at codons 531 and 526, except one isolate with a His526Cys mutation, correlated with resistance to both compounds.     

海芋散在复治肺结核中的作用初探

目的探讨经炮制海芋散在复治肺结核中的作用。方法把102例多治病人随机分成两组。采用WHO推荐的复治方案3H3R3Z3E3／6H3R3E3为对照组（51例），将用复治方案3H3R3Z3E3／6H3R3E3，加口服经炮制海芋散作为治疗组（51例），对病例的症状体征、病灶吸收情况、空洞吸收和闭合情况、痰菌阴转情况及不良反应发生的情况进行观察研究。结果症状体征改变情况治疗组总有效率为96．0％，对照组为66．7％（P〈0．01）；病灶吸收情况治疗组为96．1％，对照组为64．7％，治疗组明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）：空洞吸收或闭合治疗组为98．0％，对照组为68．6％，治疗组明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）；痰菌阴转情况治疗组为94．1％。对照组为70．5％，治疗组明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）；不良反应发生情况治疗组为25．1％，对照组为52．2％．治疗组显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论加服用经炮制海芋散联合抗痨化疗组合药物治疗复治肺结核的疗效优于单纯用抗痨化疗组合药的化疗方案，且可减轻抗痨化学药物的不良反应，作用肯定，值得在临床中进一步探讨研究。     

Incarceration and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Autopsy results in Texas prison inmates

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) houses many subjects with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who receive medical care in a comprehensive AIDS treatment center. In this case-control autopsy survey, we compared pathological outcomes of TDCJ inmates treated at the center (n = 155) with nonincarcerated patients who died during the same period (n = 155). Using multiple regression analysis and a proportional hazards model, survival time in the prisoners was equivalent to that in the controls. With few exceptions, the prevalences of opportunistic viral, fungal, protozoal, and bacterial infections contributing to mortality were equivalent between groups. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated more frequently in the inmates, and M avium intracellulare was isolated less frequently (P < .0001). The inmates had a higher prevalence of bacterial infection of the central nervous system (CNS) (9.1% v 1.4%; P < .006); half of all CNS bacterial infections were caused by M tuberculosis. Inmates had significantly lower prevalences of vacuolar myelopathy (P < .006) and severe wasting disease (P < .0009). We conclude that survival of prison inmates with AIDS treated in a comprehensive AIDS treatment center was equivalent to that of nonincarcerated subjects with AIDS. Prevalences of certain complications of AIDS differed in the inmates, showing that the prison environment influenced some of the underlying causes of AIDS morbidity and mortality.     

Comparative cytological study of lymph node tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals and in patients with diabetes in a developing country

Tuberculosis (TB) is a common infection affecting patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and diabetes mellitus (DM). With the increasing incidence of HIV infection and DM in a developing country like India, TB is definitely on the rise. In a given population, one expects to see these three diseases in varying combinations, such as HIV and TB, DM and TB, HIV and DM with TB. In such combinations TB may lack the characteristic clinical and histological picture due to the associated depressed cell-mediated immunity seen in both diseases and TB may have an unusual clinical presentation and cytology picture. In this retrospective study of 36 months, from January 1997 to December 1999, 109 cases diagnosed cytologically as tuberculous lymphadenitis and tested for HIV infection and investigated as well for DM were selected. Forty-six (42%) were nondiabetic HIV patients, 13 (12%) were non-HIV DM patients, and 50 (46%) had TB without HIV infection or DM. The coexistence of both HIV and DM was not noted. The cytomorphological characteristics supplemented by culture studies of each of these three groups were compared in detail and based on these four cytological patterns, Pattern 1, Pattern 2, Pattern 3, and Pattern 4 emerged and were characterized. This study highlights the usefulness of cytomorphology of the lymph nodes to characterize the cytopathological profile of TB in both HIV and DM, which have many clinical and immunological similarities, and indirectly postulate the extent of immune suppression and evolve effective strategies in the management of coexisting diseases. Such a comparative study has not been carried out in the past.     

Public health impact of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with a mutation at amino-acid position 315 of katG: a decade of experience in The Netherlands

A previous limited study demonstrated that Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with a mutation at amino-acid position 315 of katG (Delta315) exhibited high-level resistance to isoniazid and were more frequently resistant to streptomycin. In the present study, isoniazid-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates from 8,332 patients in The Netherlands (1993-2002) were screened for the Delta315 mutation. Isoniazid resistance was found in 592 (7%) isolates, of which 323 (55%) carried Delta315. IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that Delta315 isolates occurred in clusters, suggesting recent transmission, at the same frequency as isoniazid-susceptible isolates. In contrast, other isoniazid-resistant isolates clustered significantly less frequently. Delta315 isolates were high-level isoniazid-resistant, streptomycin-resistant and multidrug-resistant significantly more often, and may have a greater impact on public health, than other isoniazid-resistant isolates.     

结核分枝杆菌联合DNA疫苗初免-BCG加强的免疫效果观察

目的:研究并比较结核分枝杆菌免疫保护性抗原DNA(Ag85A和ESAT-6)疫苗联合免疫,BCG免疫以及联合DNA疫苗初免-BCG加强免疫等不同的免疫策略,诱导免疫应答效果观察.方法:健康雌性BALB/c小鼠24只,随机分成PBS 阴性对照组,DNA初免-BCG异源加强组,DNA(Ag85A和ESAT-6)初免DNA同源加强组和BCG阳性对照组,共进行3次免疫,初免2次,最后1次加强,间隔2周1次.PBS组3次均注射PBS 溶液;DNA/BCG组以质粒DNA免疫2次,最后1次以BCG加强免疫;DNA/DNA组3次均以质粒DNA进行免疫;BCG组则注射PBS溶液2次后以BCG免疫.末次免疫后4、6、8周分别分离血清测定总IgG水平,同时分离小鼠脾细胞,体外经TB-PPD刺激后进行淋巴细胞增殖实验(XTT法)并测定脾细胞培养上清中IFN-γ和IL-4水平.结果:DNA/BCG、DNA/DNA、BCG组体外经TB-PPD刺激后均检测到特异性IgG抗体产生,3组平均效价为1:120、1:160、1:80,DNA/DNA组的抗体效价高于另外2组;小鼠脾细胞体外经TB-PPD刺激后,均能产生特异性淋巴细胞增殖并诱生较强的IFN-γ反应,其中DNA/BCG组IFN-γ的分泌水平高于DNA/DNA组和BCG组(P<0.05).结论:联合DNA疫苗初免-BCG加强的免疫策略能在小鼠体内诱导较强的特异性细胞免疫反应,产生高水平的IFN-γ.     

Detection of mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome determining resistance to fluoroquinolones by hybridization on biological microchips

We developed a method of identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with simultaneous evaluation of the sensitivity to fluoroquinolones on a biological microchip array. The method of multiplex two-staged PCR followed by hybridization of a biochip makes it possible to detect 8 mutant variants of gyrA gene occurring in fluoroquinolone-resistant strains (∼85% all resistant forms) within 1 day. Using this method we analyzed 107 cultures isolated from patients with tuberculosis and 78 sputum samples. Mutations in gyrA gene were detected in 48 (92%) resistant strains. Natural S95T polymorphism in gyrA gene was detected in all resistant and in 76% sensitive strains. The sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method calculated on the basis of the analysis of sputum samples (n=78) were 94 and 100%, respectively. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 1, pp. 115–120, January, 2008     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌相关耐药基因检测分析

目的为了解多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌β-内酰胺酶（BLA）基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶（AMFs）基因、消毒剂与磺胺类耐药基因（qacE△1-sul1）和1类整合子酶基因（intl1）存在情况。方法对2005年1—6月份临床分离的31株多重耐药菌株（耐哌拉西林、第三代头孢菌素、环丙沙星和阿米卡星），应用聚合酶链反应及序列分析方法分析其BLA、AMEs、qacE△1．sull和intl1基因类型。结果31株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对多黏菌素B敏感，有3株（9．7％）对受试的其他18种抗菌药物均耐药。19株（61．3％）检出了β-内酰胺酶基因，其中TEM、PER、DHA阳性率分别为61．3％、19．4％、3．2％，未检出SHV、OXA-23、OXA-24、GES、IMP和VIM等基因。25株（80．6％）检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因，其中aac（3）-I、aac（6’）-I、ant（3”）-I、ant（2”）-I、aac（3）-Ⅱ、aac（6’）-Ⅱ阳性率分别为67．7％、45．2％、29．0％、22．6％、9．7％、3．2％。qacE△A1-sul1、intl1阳性率分别为80．6％、58．1％。分离株常见的基因组合是TEM＋qacE△1-sul1＋intl1和TEM＋PER＋qacE△1-sull＋intl1，分别占25．8％和19．4％。分离株AMEs的常见的基因组合是aac（3）-I＋aac（6’）-I和nnc（3）-I＋aac（6’）-I＋ant（2”）-I，分别占19．4％和12．9％。结论临床分离的多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌TEM、nnc（3）-I、nnc（6’）-I、ant（3”）-I、ant（2”）-I、qacE△1-sul1和intl1基因携带率高。