孤雌生殖长角血蜱各虫期形态的扫描电镜观察

用扫描电镜对采自四川地区孤雌生殖的长角血蜱的各期虫体及虫卵进行了形态学观察。结果:雌成蜱的口下板齿式4︱4或4—5︱5—4,多孔区小孔30～35个,两多孔区的间距为孔区长径的2倍,气门板“D”字状,肛毛5对;若蜱齿式2—3︱3—2,须肢第3节背面后缘无刺,无多孔区和生殖孔,气门板亚圆形,无气门斑,肛毛3对;幼蜱齿式2︱2,无气门板,肛毛1对,无肛后沟,爪垫明显超过爪长的2/3。各期虫体的哈氏器结构基本相同,但成蜱前窝内感毛7根,而若蜱、幼蜱均为6根。卵表面光滑无特殊结构。首次观察到孤雌生殖长角血蜱成蜱气门板腹面前方有7、8个小孔,肛瓣下方有密集成带的小刺以及十几个气孔样物。     

微量元素铜/锌比值对糖尿病大鼠视网膜病变的影响

目的 探讨铜／锌（Cu／Zn）比值与糖尿病大鼠视网膜病变的关系，观察适量补Zn并使Cu／Zn比值下降对糖尿病大鼠视网膜病变的影响。方法 将雄性SD大鼠40只随机分为四组，即正常对照组、模型对照组、实验Ⅰ组和实验Ⅱ组。按60mg／kg体质量尾静脉注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）以制造糖尿病大鼠模型。实验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组分别以葡萄糖酸锌每日Zn^2＋6mg／kg体质量（浓度为0．12mg／ml/kg）和每日Zn^2＋3mg／kg体质量（浓度为0．06mg／ml／kg）用水溶解后单笼喂养。模型对照组、正常对照组饮用自来水。实验周期3个月，采尾血测血糖（BS），再从颈总动脉取血分别测定血清Cu、Zn含量，并计算出Cu／Zn比值。双眼灌流后制作视网膜血管铺片，铺片行PAS染色，光镜下观察大鼠视网膜毛细血管结构。结果 ①实验Ⅰ组血清Zn和Cu／Zn比值接近或超过正常对照组。与模型对照组相比有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；而实验Ⅱ组的血清Zn和Cu／Zn比值与模型对照组相比差异无统计学意义。②视网膜血管铺片正常对照组可见毛细血管形态规整；模型对照组视网膜毛细血管形态发生改变。血管迂曲、扭结，部分血管闭塞。补充Zn剂后，实验Ⅰ组随着Cu／Zn比值的下降。其视网膜毛细血管形态改变较同一时期的模型对照组明显好转．而实验Ⅱ组视网膜毛细血管形态改变类似于模型组。结论对糖尿病大鼠，适量补充Zn剂使Cu／Zn比值下降，可减轻视网膜的毛细血管损伤。     

Pre-eclampsia associated alterations of the elastic fibre system in umbilical cord vessels

Although pre-eclampsia (PE) is often associated with fetal hypoxia, hypertension and/or disturbed function of the fetal circulation, the effect of these altered hemodynamic parameters on the structure and composition of umbilical vessels has not been systematically investigated before. Therefore, this study focuses on PE-associated changes of the elastic fibre system in umbilical cord vessels investigated by light and electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry and biochemistry. In umbilical cord veins, no changes in thickness of the vessel wall or of any sublayer were observed. However, the internal elastic lamina of the veins was split in 80% of the PE-group in contrast to 20% in uncomplicated pregnancies. This effect was significant (α <0.01) from 36 weeks of gestation onwards. In umbilical cord arteries, the entire arterial vessel wall was found to be 15% thicker in PE than in uncomplicated pregnancies. The enlargement was caused by an increase of both the tunica intima and tunica media. The thickening of the tunica intima was attributed to a migration of smooth muscle cells towards the endothelium, accompanied by a splitting of the internal elastic lamina. Compared to uncomplicated pregnancies, smooth muscle cells of arteries and veins in PE showed a metabolic activation demonstrated by highly dilated endoplasmic reticulum. A semiquantitative score method as well as a quantitative dot blot assay indicated a PE-associated reduction of elastin expression in the arterial vessel walls. In summary, PE obviously induces a decrease of the elastin content accompanied by a thickening of the vessel wall in umbilical cord arteries. This remodeling of the elastic fibre system, together with an increased migration of smooth muscle cells, might represent part of the functional adaptation system of the umbilical cord arteries on the altered hemodynamic conditions in PE. Accepted: 29 November 1999     

大鼠心肌细胞形态学增龄变化的定量研究

目的　探讨大鼠心肌细胞的增龄变化规律。　方法　取雄性大鼠 30只 ,分为幼年组 (出生后 2 0～ 2 5d)、青年组 (3～ 5月 )和老年组 (13～ 15月 )。常规石蜡切片 ,磷钨酸苏木精染色 ,图像分析仪测量心肌细胞的胞面积、核面积、核浆比和核椭圆度。　结果　随着年龄增长 :1 心肌细胞面积、核面积增大 ,核浆比降低 ,核椭圆度增高。 2 心室的细胞面积大于心房 ,左心房、左心室的细胞面积大于右心房、右心室 ,室间隔的细胞面积介于左右心室之间。 3 心肌细胞增粗增长 ,闰盘逐渐清晰、复杂。　结论　细胞核的增长速度相对慢于细胞的增长速度 ;细胞核的形态由圆形逐渐变为椭圆形 ;圆形细胞核是细胞幼稚的重要特征之一 ;心房较心室更具幼稚性。     

A histochemical study of the cephalic-cervical system of a gnathostomatid nematode,Echinocephalus sinensis,parasite of oysters and rays

Glycogen, protein, succinic dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, elastin, and collagen were demonstrated within the cephalic-cervical system of adult and third-stageEchinocephalus sinensis. Weak positive histochemical reactions were observed for the presence of sulphated mucosubstances, esterase, acetylcholinesterase, lipids, and acid phosphatase. Tests for the following substances were negative: leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorylase, neurosecretory substances, and proteases. The present finding seems to support a previous suggestion that this unique system does not have an active secretory role but acts mainly as a hydrostatic organ for the inflation of the headbulb of the worm.     

Automatic recognition and analysis of synapses.

An automatic system for recognizing synaptic junctions would allow analysis of large samples of tissue for the possible classification of specific well-defined sets of synapses based upon structural morphometric indices. In this paper the three steps of our system are described: (a) cytochemical tissue preparation to allow easy recognition of the synaptic junctions; (b) transmitting the tissue information to a computer; and (c) analyzing each field to recognize the synapses and make measurements on them.     

Das wissenschaftliche Programm von Johann Friedrich Meckel d. J. (1781–1833) und seine Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der Wissenschaft vom Leben

Although Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger was one of the most famous anatomists, his research work has been severely neglected in the recent historiographical literature on the German morphology. The goal of our study is to approach a general characterization of his research program. Our analysis reveals that Meckel introduced the Cuvierian empiricism in Germany, but he also considered the “Abstraktion” as a main component of the scientific knowledge. According to his epistemology on nascent organisms and transmutable species, both, variability and relatedness of the organic forms are important to the same degree. Meckel explicitly adopted the Jean-Baptiste de Lamarcks (1744–1829) evolutionary theories. Even though in Meckel's discourse about diversity the Cuvierian notion of “functional adaptation” was preserved, the main goal of his research program was to demonstrate empirically the “Allgemeinheit des Bildungstypus”. For this purpose, he considered the entire variety of the animal kingdom: normal as well as abnormal organisms, adult specimens and above all embryos. Moreover, he believed that the abnormal development is due to the same laws as the normal development. He applied parallelisms to a new domain, the study of malformation. With Meckel's researches on teratology, a new era in the analyses of the anomalies was opened. They became an integral part of the natural diversity and thus a highly exploited subject of biomedical researches. Meckel's empirical and epistemological writings on the embryology, comparative embryology, teratology, pathology, systematics and comparative anatomy have largely contributed to the foundation of the biological research.     

家猪壁冠状动脉观测及与犬壁冠状动脉比较

目的为壁冠状动脉比较解剖学积累资料，为选择动物模型提供依据。方法家猪心脏塑化染料灌注，10％甲醛溶液固定，大体解剖显示壁冠状动脉，测量数据，并与既往文献报道的犬的壁冠状动脉分析比较。结果家猪壁冠状动脉出现率为50．0％，前室间支、后室间支壁冠状动脉出现率为15．0％、27．5％。前室间支壁冠状动脉近端径（1．96±0．71）mm，远端径（1．52±0．80）mm，长度（9．19±6．58）mm。总壁冠状动脉长度（9．20±4．99）mm。一支血管上可出现1-2处的壁冠状动脉壁。壁冠状动脉可以扭曲和发出细小的分支血管。结论家猪可以作为动物模型研究壁冠状动脉，但犬比家猪更为适合。     

Morphology of the kidney of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus: Monotremata)

The platypus kidney shows morphological similarities to those of other mammals. Macroscopically, the cortex is easily distinguishable from the fairly wide medulla. Within the medulla, no clear border is observed between the inner and outer zones. Light and transmission electron microscopically, the glomeruli show quite similar architecture to those of other mammals; however, the glomerular lobulation is very clear. The glomerular tufts are rather simple, but capillary lumen varies widely in size, which is one of the unique features of the platypus kidney. The urinary tubule is generally similar to that of human and other mammals in shape and segmentation; however, the staining specificities of histochemical reactions and the shape of epithelial cells of the Henle's loop differ from those ofother mammals. The most conspicuous features are: 1) although no protein casts are found in the tubular lumina, epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) have numerous electron-dense vesicles as in human nephrotic kidneys; and 2) the platypus Henle's loop consists of the thick epithelial cells similar to the mammalian type nephron of birds. As compared to those of other mammals such as humans and rats, our observations suggest that the platypus kidney is less developed, in terms of evolution.© Willey-Liss, Inc.     

模拟失重兔在背─胸向超重作用后的脏器形态学的变化

失重飞行后航天员的超重耐力是下降的，为了探讨超重耐力下降的机理，因而观察了正常兔（ｎ＝１０）和模拟失重兔（ｎ２１４）在－４Ｇｘ离心机上作用３ｍｉｎ后脑、心、肺、肾四个脏器微血管和组织形态学的变化。结果是正常兔在－４Ｇｘ作用后四个脏器的微血管和小静脉充血，肺动脉充血，出现肺不张和肺扩张。模拟失重兔－４Ｇｘ作用后，以上变化较正常组明显加重，肺、心部位有明显出血症状。结果提示失重后超重耐力下降与失重所引起的组织形态学变化有关。