The influence of location, source, and emission type in estimates of the human health benefits of reducing a ton of air pollution

The benefit per ton ($/ton) of reducing PM_2.5 varies by the location of the emission reduction, the type of source emitting the precursor, and the specific precursor controlled. This paper examines how each of these factors influences the magnitude of the $/ton estimate. We employ a reduced-form air quality model to predict changes in ambient PM_2.5 resulting from an array of emission control scenarios affecting 12 different combinations of sources emitting carbonaceous particles, NO _x , SO _x , NH₃, and volatile organic compounds. We perform this modeling for each of nine urban areas and one nationwide area. Upon modeling the air quality change, we then divide the total monetized health benefits by the PM_2.5 precursor emission reductions to generate $/ton metrics. The resulting $/ton estimates exhibit the greatest variability across certain precursors and sources such as area source SO _x , point source SO _x , and mobile source NH₃. Certain $/ton estimates, including mobile source NO _x , exhibit significant variability across urban areas. Reductions in carbonaceous particles generate the largest $/ton across all locations.     

蜂窝式移动电话的使用与腮腺恶性肿瘤发病的相关性

目的探讨蜂窝式移动电话的使用与腮腺恶性肿瘤发病的关系。方法采用病例对照研究,选择我院1993—2009年间收治的腮腺恶性肿瘤137例,按年龄性别匹配选择腮腺良性肿瘤403例作为对照组,通过问卷调查获得两组患者蜂窝式移动电话使用情况,应用Logistic回归分析,计算使用蜂窝式移动电话与发生腮腺恶性肿瘤间的关联强度OR值。结果使用蜂窝式移动电话患腮腺恶性肿瘤的风险是不用或使用时间半年以内者的1．503倍（OR95％CI：1．002—2．255）,而累计通话时间达到181-594h及〉594h者发病风险分别是2．122倍（OR95％CI：1．158～3．8871和1．795倍（OR95％CI：1．031-3．127）。结论使用蜂窝式移动电话累计通话时间过长患腮腺恶性肿瘤的风险增加。     

流动人口艾滋病预防控制工作的现状、问题及趋势

人口流动是社会经济发展的必然产物,随着经济的发展、城市化进程的加快和户籍管理制度的改革,我国流动人口的规模持续扩大;流动人口中以青壮年居多,文化水平相对较低,且缺乏必要的艾滋病预防知识[1];近年来流动人口中的HIV感染者人数在不断增加,流动人口已成为艾滋病防治的重点人群[2].     

多角度多体位动态成像在静脉肾盂造影的应用

目的探讨多角度、多体位动态摄影在静脉肾盂造影（IVU）检查中的应用价值和必要性。方法回顾性分析300例有泌尿系统疾病行静脉肾盂造影的病例,其中数字化静脉肾孟造影154例,传统静脉肾盂造影146例,均为随机抽取。行数字化肾盂造影检查者,采用多角度、多体住动态观察,并及时摄片做参考资料。传统静脉肾盂造影者采用普通X线机固定体位检查。两组图像资料进行统计学比较。结果数字化静脉肾孟造影病例较传统静脉肾孟造影,在显示全尿路影像、显示痛变及诊断意见与临床、病理或其它影像学检查相符性等方面好,且数字化造影缩短检查时间,做逆行肾孟造影检查时不易发生逆流征象。结论用数字化X线机行静脉肾孟造影检查,多角度多体位动态成像非常必要,它不仅有利于显示尿路全景,提高泌尿系统疾病的影像学诊断水平,且可以缩短检查时间,避免或减少肾脏逆流等并发症出现。     

Temporal and spatial variability of personal exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields

Background

Little is known about the population's exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in industrialized countries.

Objectives

To examine levels of exposure and the importance of different RF-EMF sources and settings in a sample of volunteers living in a Swiss city.

Methods

RF-EMF exposure of 166 volunteers from Basel, Switzerland, was measured with personal exposure meters (exposimeters). Participants carried an exposimeter for 1 week (two separate weeks in 32 participants) and completed an activity diary. Mean values were calculated using the robust regression on order statistics (ROS) method.

Results

Mean weekly exposure to all RF-EMF sources was 0.13 mW/m² (0.22 V/m) (range of individual means 0.014-0.881 mW/m²). Exposure was mainly due to mobile phone base stations (32.0%), mobile phone handsets (29.1%) and digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT) phones (22.7%). Persons owning a DECT phone (total mean 0.15 mW/m²) or mobile phone (0.14 mW/m²) were exposed more than those not owning a DECT or mobile phone (0.10 mW/m²). Mean values were highest in trains (1.16 mW/m²), airports (0.74 mW/m²) and tramways or buses (0.36 mW/m²), and higher during daytime (0.16 mW/m²) than nighttime (0.08 mW/m²). The Spearman correlation coefficient between mean exposure in the first and second week was 0.61.

Conclusions

Exposure to RF-EMF varied considerably between persons and locations but was fairly consistent within persons. Mobile phone handsets, mobile phone base stations and cordless phones were important sources of exposure in urban Switzerland.     

Harnessing mobile technology to deliver evidence-based maternal-infant care

mHealth, the use of wireless and portable communication technology to improve the health status of the population, has seen widespread adoption in low- and middle-income countries. It has been used to increase awareness and knowledge of healthcare, to collect health-related data, to deliver healthcare information such as results of investigations or appointment reminders, to aid decision-making by healthcare providers, and to improve communication between various stakeholders of the health system. Developing countries face an immense challenge of periodically updating the professional knowledge of their huge pool of community and facility level healthcare workers. Nearly universal possession of mobile phones, low-cost internet data, and high growth rate of smartphones has facilitated the use of mHealth in delivering evidence-based guidelines and decision-aids to frontline healthcare workers. This review describes the current evidence on the use of mHealth educational interventions targeting maternal and neonatal healthcare providers in low- and middle-income countries. Recent efforts of the National Neonatology Forum of India in integration of mHealth for development and dissemination of clinical practice guidelines are also presented.     

移动健康技术在精神障碍患者管理中的应用进展

精神障碍是当下较为突出的社会问题,已引起全球公共卫生领域的广泛关注。该文对移动健康技术在精神障碍患者管理中的应用进行综述,其应用形式包括应用程序、手机短信、在线网络平台、可穿戴设备、虚拟现实技术以及电话支持等,总结移动健康技术在精神障碍患者管理中的优势及应用效果,并分析了现阶段研究与应用中存在的不足,提出展望,以期为移动健康技术在精神障碍患者管理中的应用提供参考。     

移动卒中单元应用现状及对我国护士培养的启发

移动卒中单元（mobile stroke unit,MSU）可大幅缩短急性缺血性脑卒中患者自发病到接受静脉溶栓或机械取栓的时间,为提升院前急救水平提供了一条全新的路径。该文对MSU的发展历史、MSU的国际组织、MSU的应用效果、护士在MSU中的作用及我国MSU卒中专科护士的培养及使用进行了综述,为我国卒中专科护士的培养提供参考。     

我国细菌内毒素检查法的应用进展

细菌内毒素检查法包括凝胶限量法和光度定量测定法,其应用范围涉及到药品检验、制药工艺、临床医学及方法学的研究。笔者查阅5年来公开发表的有关文献资料共26篇整理成文,对我国细菌内毒素检查法的应用进展作一综述。     

Health GIS and HIV/AIDS studies: Perspective and retrospective

GIS (Geographic Information System) is a useful tool that aids and assists in health research, health education, planning, monitoring and evaluation of health programmes that are meant to control and eradicate certain life threatening diseases and epidemics. HIV/AIDS is one such epidemic that poses a serious challenge and threatens the overall human welfare. This communication is an attempt to link and understand the health scenario in a GIS context with emphasis on HIV/AIDS. Various GIS based functionalities for health studies and their scope in analyzing and controlling epidemiological diseases are explored. Overall scenario of the spread of HIV/AIDS around the world is presented along with the Indian perspective. Finally, we conclude with the general management problems, issues and challenges related to HIV/AIDS prevailing in India.