Taking a patient-oriented approach in exercise interventions for pregnant women: a commentary

Taking a patient-oriented approach to developing lifestyle interventions includes incorporating the patient into the program’s design, delivery, and evaluation. This commentary assumes that a patient-oriented approach has not yet been implemented and tested in exercise-based interventions designed for pregnant women. We outline and define a patient-oriented approach to conduct exercise-based research and review previous physical activity interventions designed for pregnant women to determine whether a patient-oriented approach was applied. In addition, pregnant women living with obesity may have unique barriers to engaging in prenatal exercise interventions that have not been previously addressed, such as having experienced weight stigma before pregnancy in healthcare and fitness settings. We propose suggestions for future trials to effectively take a patient-oriented approach when designing and implementing prenatal exercise interventions to address patient-informed barriers and incorporate suggested facilitators for physical activity. Given that prenatal activity levels are low and pregnant women may have unique barriers to engaging in exercise interventions, a patient-oriented approach may be an effective strategy to improve inclusivity and equity and, as a result, increase uptake and adherence to the intervention.     

丙型肝炎病毒标志物测定的临床应用

目的 :探讨丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)感染者血清及初乳中该病毒标志物存在状况。　方法 :对 2 44份 HCV感染者、33份对照血清和 35份 HCV特异性 Ig G抗体阳性的产妇、41份健康产妇的初乳进行 HCV四种标志物测定。抗HCV- Ig G、Ig M和 GOR抗体采用间接 EL ISA法 ,HCV C33抗原采用双抗体夹心 EL ISA法。　结果 :抗 HCV- Ig G、抗 HCV- Ig M、HCV C33和抗 GOR抗体四种标志物在慢性活动性丙型肝炎组检出率最高 ,分别为 10 0 .0 %、85 .7%、46 .4%和 6 4.3% ;急性输血后丙型肝炎组检出率为 6 6 .7%、10 0 .0 %、2 2 .9%和 42 .9% ;慢性稳定性丙型肝炎组为 94.1%、2 6 .5 %、17.6 %和 5 2 .9% ;血透患者组为 6 2 .6 %、31.3%、4.8%和 45 .6 %。血清抗 HCV Ig G阳性组初乳为 17.1%、2 .9%、8.5 %和 37.1%。血清和初乳对照组除 1例献血员血清抗 HCV- Ig G阳性外 ,其余均为阴性结果。　结论 :除抗 HCV- Ig G外 ,抗 HCV- Ig M、HCV C33和 GOR抗体三种标志物在 HCV感染的相关疾病组中 ,有一定的阳性检出率 ,均可作为 HCV感染的标志 ,可用于 HCV感染后的实验室诊断。     

国人牙直丝托槽定位值的测量研究

为建立适合国人牙直丝托槽定位值,选择符合Ａｎｄｒｅｗ ｓ 正常牙合成年人６０ 例,男女各３０ 例,１８～２１ 岁,平均１９．２ 岁,均具有协调的面部比例,未接受正畸治疗。弓丝平面定义为大多数牙临床牙冠中点所在的平面,用游标卡尺测量每一牙齿切缘（或牙合缘）,至弓丝平面的距离,为直丝托槽应就位的位置。结果显示,托槽并非全部位于每个牙的临床牙冠中点,在上颌双尖牙区,托槽位于临床牙冠中点龈方０．５ｍ ｍ 处,第二磨牙托槽位于临床牙冠中点偏牙合方０．５ｍ ｍ ～１．０ｍ ｍ 处,在下颌尖牙及第一、二磨牙处,托槽位于临床牙冠中点偏牙合方０．５ｍ ｍ 处。表明本研究建立的托槽定位值适合于国人,且可明显提高直丝托槽垂直置入精确度     

Using data from studies of health-related quality of life to describe clinical issues Examples from a longitudinal study of patients with advanced stages of cervical cancer

The focus of the paper is to describe how to present data from studies on health-related quality of life (H-QoL) in a way that is simple and clinically relevant. Data from a longitudinal study of patients with advanced stages of cervix cancer are used. One hundred and eighteen patients filled out questionnaires (including EORTC QLQ-C30) 7 times over a period of 2 years. The following issues are considered: (1) The use of a panel for an initial overview of data. (2) The visual difference between using mean and median values. (3) Box-whisker plots to illustrate the variability of the data. (4) The effect of combining categorical data into fewer categories. (5) Individual patient profiles showing the wide variability among patients. (6) A table showing the change of scores over a one-year period. (7) “Prognostic plots” dividing the initial scores and the following scores. (8) Plotting changes over time. (9) Illustration of the impact of non-random drop-out. (10) The effect of drop-out for the patients who fill out two sequential assessments. (11) The use of healthy controls to help answer the question “what is normal?”.     

Seizures and civilian head injuries

Although several studies have reported on the risk of "early seizures" (seizures occurring within 7 days following a head injury), the reported proportions of patients experiencing these seizures vary from 1.4 to 15%. This wide divergence may be due to problems with methodology such as case selection and definitions of head injury and early seizures. In a series of 702 patients admitted with a head injury to Cook County Hospital (CCH), Chicago, Illinois, 29 (4.1%) had early seizures. This proportion is twice as high as one previously reported in a comparable series. This may reflect an actual difference between the two series or a case selection bias serving to elevate the proportion of patients with early seizures at CCH.     

Risk assessment in clinical pharmacy

Medication error forms a major proportion of the errors in the medical system. Despite many studies of adverse drug events, there are no systematic ways of ensuring safety, or of assessing how safe a pharmaceutical system is. Risk assessment is required in hazardous industries such as nuclear power or oil and gas. Risk assessments involve identifying the defences and assessing their effectiveness and are relatively uncommon in clinical pharmacy , as opposed to reactive approaches involving incident analyses. Risk factors, that degrade barriers, can be identified and their effect measured. A risk assessment structure for pharmacy processes is proposed that can also be used to support incident investigation and analysis processes and provide a standard for audit.     

豚鼠最大值试验的方法学改进探讨

目的对豚鼠最大值试验(GPMT)的试验方法进行改进,提高GPMT法的可操作性和重复性。方法对试验剂量的确定、试剂的选择、试验动物与分组、受试物前处理、去毛方法、十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS)的应用、动物固定以及试验结果观察8个方面进行改进及完善。使用改进后的GPMT法对三氯乙烯(TCE)进行致敏试验2次。结果细化了试验剂量的确定方法和试剂、实验动物、受试物前处理和SLS的使用方法。明确了电动剃毛刀的去毛效果。确定了无刺激胶布法作为受试物固定的有效方法。皮肤过敏反应情况应在去除激发斑贴后5h开始进行观察。重复激发的致敏率和致敏强度均下降。TCE两次致敏率分别为52%和48%,且差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论改进后的GPMT法提高了操作性,重复性好。     

图书馆学、情报学研究方法的历史沿革

本文梳理了国内外图书馆学、情报学研究方法的发展轨迹，从方法论的角度剖析了图书馆学、情报学研究方法的产生、传承、特点和影响。     

Applying health technology assessment to pharmaceutical care: pitfalls and future directions

It has been argued in previous issues of this journal that health technology assessment can be used as a tool to assess the efficiency of pharmaceutical care by linking its impact on clinical and humanistic outcomes to the resources required to achieve these outcomes. Additionally, as policy-makers appreciate the need to evaluate projects on the basis of their costs and benefits, the application of health technology assessment to pharmaceutical care may serve as a way of communicating with policy-makers and informing policy on pharmaceutical care.This article elaborates on this idea by arguing that policy-makers will be more likely to appreciate the value of pharmaceutical care if researchers pay more attention to some methodological principles underlying health technology assessment in the context of pharmaceutical care, and if they take into account the decision-making context facing policy-makers. In order to raise the methodological quality of studies, researchers need to take care to define better the pharmaceutical care intervention; to evaluate the costs of the intervention and its impact on the utilization of other health services; and to aggregate the various clinical and humanistic outcome measures that are commonly used in this type of research. In order to increase the usefulness of study findings to policy-makers, researchers need to identify the multiple objectives that policy-makers pursue, and show how study findings will aid policy-makers in attaining these objectives.     

Tissue microarrays: a current medical research tool

SUMMARY

Recent research in molecular biology has identified a significant number of novel markers, which may have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic significance. This is particularly pertinent in the field of cancer. Validation of these markers in multiple clinical specimens is currently performed by traditional histopathological techniques, which are disappointingly time consuming, labour intensive and, therefore, economically costly. These limitations have hampered the introduction of many novel markers into everyday clinical practice. The tissue microarray (TMA) is a high throughput technique, which allows the rapid and cost

effective validation of novel markers in multiple pathological tissue specimens. Tissue from up to a 1000 histology blocks can be arrayed accurately onto a newly created paraffin block, at designated locations. Subsequently, morphological and molecular investigations can be performed to determine the clinical significance of the novel markers tested. It is now firmly established that the TMA can significantly accelerate the processing of a very large number of tissue specimens with excellent quality, good reliability and preservation of original tissue, with ultimate clinical benefit.