Understanding peroral absorption: regulatory aspects and contemporary approaches to tackling solubility and permeability hurdles

Oral drug absorption is a process influenced by the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the drug and its inter-relationship with the gastrointestinal tract. Drug solubility, dissolution and permeability across intestinal barrier are the key parameters controlling absorption. This review provides an overview of the factors that affect drug absorption and the classification of a drug on the basis of solubility and permeability. The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) was introduced in early 90׳s and is a regulatory tool used to predict bioavailability problems associated with a new entity, thereby helping in the development of a drug product. Strategies to combat solubility and permeability issues are also discussed.     

中西医结合治疗泌尿系结石63例疗效观察

目的　观察中西医结合治疗泌尿系结石的临床疗效。方法　将 10 9例泌尿系结石患者随机分为 2组 ,对照组 4 6例予以西药扩管、消炎、利尿等治疗 ,治疗组 6 3例在对照组治疗基础上加用中药排石汤治疗。结果　治疗组总有效率为 90 .5 % ,对照组总有效率为 6 0 .9% ,2组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　中西医结合治疗泌尿系结石疗效确切     

《世界卫生组织儿童基本药物目录》与《国家基本药物目录》中消化系统用药的分析与启示

目的:为遴选国家儿童基本药物目录中消化系统用药提供参考。方法:描述性分析第7版《世界卫生组织(WHO)儿童基本药物目录》(WHO-EMLc)与2018版《国家基本药物目录》(NEML)中消化系统用药在分类与数量、剂型规格、标志符号等方面的异同,比较两目录收录的消化系统用药在我国的上市情况,调查NEML收录的消化系统用药在国内药品说明书中关于儿童用药的规定。结果:WHO-EMLc和NEML中通用名相同的消化系统用药为奥美拉唑、雷尼替丁及甲氧氯普胺。与NEML相比,WHO-EMLc中消化系统用药的剂型和规格更为具体,且包含药物疗效、安全性、年龄限制及注意事项的符号标记。两目录收录的消化系统用药在我国的上市剂型以普通剂型为主,儿童适宜剂型相对较少。NEML收录的消化系统用药中,55.17%的品种在国内药品说明书中规定了儿童适应证的用法用量。结论:以《WHO儿童基本药物目录》和《国家基本药物目录》为基础,遴选我国儿童消化系统基本药物,进一步鼓励儿童消化系统专用药物的研发,保障儿童用药的安全性、有效性、可及性和顺应性。     

466份中药材无机元素测定及结果分析

目的:测定中药材中41种无机元素总含量,分析包括5种有害重金属元素超标情况,探索其可能的控制方法.方法:采用微波消解,ICP-MS,ICP-AES测定中药材中41种元素的含量.其中32种元素由ICP-MS测定,A1,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,P,S,Sr由ICP-AES测定.用SPSS16.0软件对所获数据做统计学分析.结果:对标准物质黄芪的测量显示标准物质各元素测量值在参考范围内,除I元素外,各元素的RSD在10％以内,精密度符合要求.用以上仪器和方法分析得到466份中药材中元素含量信息.结论:我国中药材中所含各元素浓度差异悬殊,因种类不同而异;5种重金属超标率均明显低于以往,但超标率大小排序仍为镉＞铜＞铅＞砷＞汞;中药材中重金属元素含量呈现产地差异甘肃、青海、山西、新疆、海南各省未发现重金属超标现象.     

Temporal stability of beliefs about medicines: Implications for optimising adherence

Objective

To compare beliefs about medicines, as measured by the BMQ-General questionnaire, at two time points for the same respondents.

Methods

Respondents completed the BMQ-General as part of two separate postal questionnaires, administered with an intervening period of almost 4 years. BMQ-General scores were compared for all respondents at the two time points (2002 and 2005). Scores were also compared for three mutually exclusive groups based on changes in self-reported health status (better, worse or no change) during the intervening period.

Results

BMQ-General scores remained stable over time: no statistically significant differences were observed in individuals’ scores after almost 4 years. This finding persisted amongst respondents who reported changes in health status during the intervening period.

Conclusion

General beliefs about medicines appear to remain stable over time, irrespective of changes in health status. Further research should be done to establish whether specific beliefs about medicines prescribed for individuals are similarly stable.

Practice implications

Adherence is known to be associated with beliefs about medicines. The observed stability in such beliefs could have implications for the design of interventions to improve adherence to prescribed medication regimes.     

中药全息鉴定数据库(DACM)研制

目的研制中药全息鉴定数据库(DACM)。方法 DACM采用.Net标准版编程语言编制程序,使用MS SQL Server 2005数据库管理系统。数据库包括中药基源、性状、显微、理化鉴定及现代鉴定技术的所有图文资料及相关信息等。结果 DACM可独立在目前常见的所有操作系统中正常运行。本数据库具有维护更新功能,可以随时对数据进行添加、删除,以便保持数据的完整性、新颖性。结论建立中药全息鉴定数据库,为中药检验分析、教学科研工作提供方便、快捷的服务与参考,为中药品质评价的现代化科学管理奠定良好的基础。