用药生活问卷的汉化及其在社区老年多重用药患者中的信效度分析

背景　多重用药负担是影响患者用药信念、用药依从性和用药安全的核心要素,医务人员以患者用药负担为中心进行评估,可及时发现其用药过程中亟需解决的问题、制定科学化的药物干预方案,但目前国内尚且缺乏科学、有效的工具来评价患者多重用药负担。目的　汉化用药生活问卷（LMQ）并分析其在社区老年多重用药患者中的信效度,为明确社区老年多重用药患者用药负担现况提供测量工具。方法　采用正译、校对、回译、专家审核、认知性访谈、预调查对LMQ进行汉化,最终形成了包括8个维度39个条目的中文版LMQ（初始版）。2019年4-8月,采用便利抽样法选取郑州市3家社区卫生服务中心〔郑州市社区卫生服务中心（东二街）、林山寨社区卫生服务中心、高新区科学大道社区卫生服务中心〕下属社区中老年多重用药患者为调查对象。本研究第一阶段收集数据用于探索性因子分析,最终确定样本量为260例;第二阶段用于重测信度评估,重测间隔时间为2~4周,最终确定样本量为30例（从第一阶段患者中采用随机数字表法选取）;第三阶段用于验证性因子分析,最终确定样本量为373例。采用一般资料调查问卷、中文版LMQ（初始版）对其进行调查,评价中文版LMQ（初始版）的信效度。结果　第一阶段共发放问卷260份,回收有效问卷242份,有效回收率为93.1%;第二阶段共发放问卷30份,回收有效问卷30份,有效回收率为100.0%;第三阶段共发放问卷373份,回收有效问卷350份,有效回收率为93.8%。项目分析结果显示,中文版LMQ（初始版）各条目得分与其总分的相关系数为0.317~0.658（P<0.01）;中文版LMQ（初始版）各条目决断值（CR）均>3.0。探索性因子分析结果显示,中文版LMQ（初始版）的KMO值为0.875,Bartlett's球形检验的χ2=8 139.877,P<0.01,表明适合做因子分析;共提取出特征根>1.000的公因子有8个,累积方差贡献率为76.780%,各条目在所属公因子上的载荷量均>0.400。验证性因子分析结果显示,预设模型拟合指标不理想,根据指标提示进行模型修正,添加8条协方差相关关系后,各拟合指标处于可接受范围。内容效度：中文版LMQ（初始版）的条目内容效度指数（I-CVI）为0.86~1.00,问卷内容效度指数（S-CVI）为0.949。信度：中文版LMQ（初始版）的Cronbach's α系数为0.892,各维度的Cronbach's α系数为0.867~0.943;中文版LMQ（初始版）的折半信度为0.817,各维度的折半信度为0.841~0.947;中文版LMQ（初始版）的重测信度为0.904,各维度的重测信度为0.802~0.875。最终形成中文版LMQ,其包括8个维度39个条目,分别为用药态度（7个条目）、实践困难（6个条目）、医患关系（5个条目）、用药效果（5个条目）、干扰日常生活（6个条目）、副作用（4个条目）、用药行为（3个条目）、经济负担（3个条目）。结论　中文版LMQ利用39个条目从用药态度、实践困难、医患关系、用药效果、干扰日常生活、副作用、用药行为及经济负担8个方面了解患者的用药负担,信效度良好,且操作简单、评估较全面、条目通俗易懂,可以有效评估社区老年多重用药患者居家生活过程中各方面的用药负担,并为医务人员制定精准化药物支持干预方案提供测评工具。     

Exploring the relationship between cognitive illness representations and poor emotional health and their combined association with diabetes self-care. A systematic review with meta-analysis

Objective

Depression and anxiety are common in diabetes and are associated with lower diabetes self-care adherence. How this occurs is unclear. Our systematic review explored the relationship between cognitive illness representations and poor emotional health and their combined association with diabetes self-care.

Methods

Medline, Psycinfo, EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched from inception to June 2013. Data on associations between cognitive illness representations, poor emotional health, and diabetes self-care were extracted. Random effects meta-analysis was used to test the relationship between cognitive illness representations and poor emotional health. Their combined effect on diabetes self-care was narratively evaluated.

Results

Nine cross-sectional studies were included. Increased timeline cyclical, consequences, and seriousness beliefs were associated with poorer emotional health symptoms. Lower perceived personal control was associated with increased depression and anxiety, but not mixed anxiety and depressive symptoms. Remaining cognitive illness representation domains had mixed statistically significant and non-significant relationships across emotional states or were measured only once. Effect sizes ranged from small to large (r = ± 0.20 to 0.51). Two studies explored the combined effects of cognitions and emotions on diabetes self-care. Both showed that cognitive illness representations have an independent effect on diabetes self-care, but only one study found that depression has an independent effect also.

Conclusions

Associations between cognitive illness representations and poor emotional health were in the expected direction — negative diabetes perceptions were associated with poorer emotional health. Few studies examined the relative effects of cognitions and emotions on diabetes self-care. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify directional pathways.     

某医院病房药房退药原因分析及对策

目的：分析某医院病房药房退药原因,提出解决对策,减少患者用药隐患。方法对某医院病房2013年7月～12月的退药品种和原因进行统计和分析。结果每个科室都有退药,其中退药平均每月3万元以上的科室依次是ICU、普外科、神经内科、呼吸科、肝胆外科,占本科用药的比例前5名的依次为ICU6.82%、消化科3.62%、呼吸科3.02%、心内科2.97%、肾内科2.68%。结论各种原因导致退药,有些原因如医嘱录入错误等为主观原因,可通过加强责任心和增加复核等减小出现频率;部分原因如患者死亡、过敏等为客观原因,是无法避免的。     

中药鉴定学和药用植物学课程评价机制探讨

根据中药鉴定学、药用植物学学科的特点,结合社会对中药鉴定人才素质的要求,以突出实践能力、培养高素质人才为目标,进行中药鉴定学、药用植物学课程实践评估机制改革研究是很有必要的。     

Saudi school students’ knowledge,attitude and practice toward medicines

The current study was aimed to assess Saudi school students’ knowledge, attitude and practice about medicines. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used anonymously among 15–20 year-old adolescents attending tertiary schools in Taif City, KSA. A total of 1022 students completed the questionnaires. Only 15.4% of the respondents knew the medicines’ uses. Most of the students 79.6% affirmed that they used to take medicines after consulting physicians, and 45.1% of the students thought that tablet size affects the medicine’s efficacy. More than half of the students knew that high temperatures affect the efficacy of medicines, there was a significant difference between rural and urban areas (P = 0.005). Physicians (50.6%) and community pharmacists (15.7%), were the main students’ reliable sources of information about medicines. The majority of the students 70.5% were interested in learning more about medicines. The younger students ⩽18 years wish to learn more than the older ones (P < 0.014). The study showed that Saudi school students aged 15–20 years old have poor knowledge, misconception and negative attitudes about medicines. Low level of knowledge may expose adolescents to health-related problems. Educational efforts are important to improve students’ practice toward medicines.     

WHO原料药预认证项目

目的 帮助国内原料药厂家了解并通过WHO预认证项目。方法 全面论述WHO原料药预认证项目的背景、申请流程、文件要求和意义。结果与结论 通过加深对WHO原料药预认证项目的认识,可以提高生产厂家参与WHO原料药预认证的积极性,增强通过预认证的信心。