超高龄原发性脑出血患者的临床特点及预后

目的探究超高龄（≥80岁）原发性脑出血患者的临床特点和预后情况。方法回顾性分析本院2011年1月至2013年1月期间收治170例原发性脑出血患者临床资料（超高龄者45例,对照组125例）,对比超高龄患者（≥80岁）和对照组（〈80岁）在临床症状、体征、影像学表现、疾病治疗等的差异,比较分析两组患者的生存情况。结果超高龄组中,女性所占的比例高于对照组,既往有高血压病史者、起病时有明确诱因或处于活动状态、入院时收缩压、舒张压低于对照组（P〈0．05）。超高龄组脑叶出血的情况多于对照组（31．1％比12．0％,P〈0．05）,基底节出血的情况则少于对照组（37．8％比62．4％,P〈0．05）;超高龄组采用手术治疗低于对照组,在住院时间上长于对照组,中位累积生存时间低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论超高龄原发性脑出血可能是一种特殊类别的脑出血,脑血管淀粉样变性极有可能是其发病的重要病因。     

Confusing untypical intestinal Behcet's disease:Skip ulcers with severe lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Behcet's disease(BD) is a rare and life-long disorder characterized by inflammation of blood vessels throughout the body. BD was originally described in 1937 as a syndrome involving oral and genital ulceration in addition to ocular inflammation. Intestinal BD refers to colonic ulcerative lesions documented by objective measures in patients with BD. Many studies have shown that over 40% of BD patients have gastrointestinal complaints. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, anorexia and abdominal distension. Although gastrointestinal symptoms are common, the demonstration of gastrointestinal ulcers is rare. This so-called intestinal BD accounts for approximately 1% of cases. There is no specific test for BD, and the diagnosis is based on clinical criteria. The manifestations of intestinal BD are similar to those of other colitis conditions such as Crohn's disease or intestinal tuberculosis, thus, it is challenging for gastroenterologists to accurately diagnose intestinal BD in patients with ileocolonic ulcers. However, giant ulcers distributed in the esophagus and ileocecal junction with gastrointestinal hemorrhage are rare in intestinal BD. Here, we present a case of untypical intestinal BD. The patient had recurrent aphthous ulceration of the oral mucosa, and esophageal and ileo-colonic ulceration, but no typical extra-intestinal symptoms. During examination, the patient had massive acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The patient underwent ileostomy after an emergency right hemicolectomy and partial ileectomy, and was subsequently diagnosed with incomplete-type intestinal BD by pathology. The literature on the evaluation and management of this condition is reviewed.     

经皮肾镜去石术后出血的介入治疗

目的: 研究超选择性肾动脉栓塞在治疗经皮肾镜术后出血中的效果及失败原因。方法: 对65例伴有血液动力学改变的经皮肾镜术后出血患者行肾动脉造影,用微导管行超选择性插管,用微弹簧圈栓塞损伤动脉。若首次肾动脉造影无阳性发现,则采用以下措施以防止遗漏病灶:(1)腹主动脉造影;(2)重复肾动脉造影;(3)造瘘管走行区域肾动脉分支超选择造影;(4)保留穿刺通道,拔除肾造瘘管后造影。对肾动脉出血的造影表现进行总结,并对栓塞止血失败的原因进行分析。结果: 65例患者中,造影有阳性发现的60例(62个肾脏), 均经超选择性栓塞成功止血。肾动脉造影的阳性表现包括:假性动脉瘤形成、斑片状造影剂外溢、假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘、造影剂进入集合系统、造影剂弥散至肾被膜下。一次栓塞成功53例(55个肾脏), 成功率88.71%,两次栓塞成功率96.77%。首次栓塞失败的原因主要是遗漏病灶(4例,57.10%)和栓塞的受损血管再通(2例,28.57%)。5例患者肾动脉造影无阳性发现,经保守治疗血尿停止。所有患者介入治疗后3、6、12个月随访,均未再次出现血尿,且未发生持续、严重的肾功能损害。结论: 超选择肾动脉栓塞是治疗经皮肾镜术后出血的有效方法,肾动脉造影遗漏病灶是造成止血失败的主要原因。     

复发性脑出血

复发性脑出血(recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage,RICH)并不少见,其发生与血管结构病变、脑血管淀粉样变、高血压以及相关基因突变等因素相关.RICH的病死率与初次原发性脑出血相当,而致残率则显著高于原发性脑出血.文章对RICH的流行病学、好发部位、危险因素、发病机制和预后进行了综述.     

Pituitary deficiency after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE:

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage puts patients at high risk for the development of pituitary insufficiency. We evaluated the incidence of pituitary dysfunction in these patients and its correlation with clinical outcome.

METHODS:

Pituitary function was tested in 66 consecutive patients in the first 15 days after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The following were measured in all patients: thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, total testosterone (in males), estradiol (in females), prolactin, serum cortisol, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone and insulin growth factor.

RESULTS:

The endocrine assessment was made at a mean of 7.4 days (standard deviation ±6.6) after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Forty-four (66.7%) female and 22 (33.3%) male patients were evaluated. Thirty-nine patients (59.1%) had some type of pituitary dysfunction. Follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone deficiency was the most frequent disorder (34.8%), followed by growth hormone/insulin growth factor (28.7%), adrenocorticotropic hormone (18.1%) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (9%). Seventeen (25.7%) patients showed deficiencies in more than one axis. A greater incidence of hormone deficiency was observed in patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤13 (t test, p = 0.008), Hunt-Hess grade ≥4 (t test, p<0.001), or Fisher grade 4 (t test, p = 0.039). Hormone deficiency was not significantly associated (p>0.05) with increased hospitalization or clinical outcome.

CONCLUSION:

Pituitary dysfunction was identified in a substantial portion of patients with previous aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, but no association was found between this dysfunction and poor clinical outcome.     

脑淀粉样血管病脑出血患者血清抗Aβ抗体检测及临床治疗

目的探讨脑淀粉样血管病(CAA)脑出血患者血清自身抗Aβ抗体水平及亲和力的情况和临床治疗效果。方法选择2007年9月-2011年9月在本院住院的CAA脑出血患者和正常老年对照组各20例,通过间接ELISA法检测各组血清抗Aβ抗体水平及亲和力;分别采用方体定向钻颅置软管血肿排空术、开颅血肿清除术和保守治疗CAA脑出血患者26例。结果 CAA脑出血组血清抗Aβ抗体水平及亲和力均低于正常;26例患者经不同方案治疗后,14例患者痊愈,10例遗留不同程度偏瘫失语,2例死亡。结论自身抗Aβ抗体异常可能在CAA脑出血发病机制中发挥重要作用;CAA脑出血患者应根据病情选择合适的治疗方案,三种治疗方案各有其相对的适应证。     

急诊内镜联合选择性动脉造影诊治上消化道大出血：7例临床分析

背景：上消化道大出血属急危重症,联合多种诊治手段有助于提高救治效果。目的：探讨急诊内镜联合选择性动脉造影在上消化道大出血诊治中的应用价值。方法：选取2009年1月～2010年12月北京军区总医院经急诊内镜止血失败或止血成功后再次大出血的7例患者并给予选择性动脉造影和栓塞治疗。观察急诊内镜联合选择性动脉造影对明确病因诊断和止血效果的价值。结果：7例患者行急诊内镜检查确诊为上消化道大出血．并经镜下止血治疗后仍有严重活动性出血．行选择性动脉造影和栓塞治疗。7例患者就诊后行急诊内镜的平均时间为4．4h．选择性动脉造影平均时间为8．4h。4例患者表现为造影剂外溢的出血直接征象．其余3例表现为异常血管分支增粗紊乱的间接征象;给予弹簧圈栓塞或明胶海绵栓塞治疗后均成功止血。结论：急诊内镜联合选择性动脉造影是一种及时、安全、有效的诊治上消化道大出血的方法。     

血清尿酸水平与自发性脑出血患者的近期临床转归:前瞻性病例系列研究

目的 探讨血清尿酸水平与自发性脑出血患者近期临床转归的关系.方法 前瞻性连续纳入发病24 h内入院的自发性脑出血患者.入院次日检测血清尿酸水平;发病30天时应用改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评估临床转归.将患者分为转归良好组(mRS评分≤2分)与转归不良组(mRS评分≥3分).结果 共纳入92例自发性脑出血患者,其中46例(50％)为男性,平均年龄(63±12)岁,基线格拉斯哥昏迷量表(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)评分为11分(9～12分).在发病后30天时进行的随访中,22例患者(23.9％)转归良好,70例患者(76.1％)转归不良.单变量分析显示,转归良好组GCS评分显著高于转归不良组[(13.85±2.80)分对(11.21±2.51)分;t=4.186,P=0.000],而血肿体积[(25.65 ±5.33)cm3对(34.60±8.97)cm3;t =4.430,P=0.000]和血清尿酸水平[(324.90±86.02) μmol/L对(458.63±72.77) μmol/L;t=7.193,P=0.000]显著低于转归不良组.多变量logistic回归分析显示,基线GCS评分低[优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.810,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI) 1.382 ～2.382;P =0.001]、血肿体积较大(OR 1.156,95％ CI 1.045 ～ 1.280;P =0.005)和血清尿酸水平增高(OR2.127,95％ CI 1.055 ～4.287;P=0.035)是自发性脑出血患者近期临床转归不良的独立预测因素.结论 血清尿酸水平增高能预测自发性脑出血患者的近期临床转归不良.     

颅内动脉瘤破裂的危险因素:回顾性病例系列研究

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂的危险因素,为颅内动脉瘤的临床决策提供依据.方法 回顾性收集颅内动脉瘤患者的人口统计学和临床资料.三维脑血管造影确定动脉瘤的部位、形态、是否存在子囊,测量瘤体长度、最大直径和瘤颈宽度,并计算瘤体长度与瘤颈宽度之比(aspect ratio,AR).结果 共纳入243例患者(289个动脉瘤),其中破裂组149例(171个动脉瘤),未破裂组94例(118个动脉瘤).破裂组女性(71.1％对51.1％;x2=12.13,P＜ 0.01)、高血压(57.7％对38.3％;x2=8.69,P=0.003)、吸烟(53.0％对39.5％; x2=4.12,P=0.045)、动脉瘤存在子囊(63.7％对39.8％;x2=16.07,P＜0.01)以及最大直径＞5 mm(80.7％对66.9％;x2 =7.06,P＜0.01)比例显著高于未破裂组,而最大直径＞ 10 mm(31.6％对52.5％;x2=12.77,P＜0.01)比例显著低于未破裂组;破裂组动脉瘤最大直径小于未破裂组[(8.68 ±5.79)mm对(10.67±5.78)mm;t=-2.91,P=0.004],而瘤体长[(8.27±4.19)mm对(6.94±4.77) mm;t=2.50,P=0.013]和AR[(2.32±1.18)对(1.42± 1.21);=6.34,P＜0.01]长于和高于未破裂组.在289个动脉瘤中,前交通动脉瘤103个,后交通动脉瘤84个,大脑中动脉动脉瘤56个,大脑前动脉动脉瘤12个,颈内动脉动脉瘤9个,基底动脉动脉瘤25个,不同部位颅内动脉瘤破裂发生率(分别为63.1％、79.8％、41.1％、33.3％、33.3％和36.0％,P＜0.01)存在显著差异.多变量logistic回归分析显示,女性[优势比(odds ratio,OR)6.311,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)3.673 ～ 10.844;P＜0.01]、存在子囊(OR2.789,95％ CI 1.624 ～4.792;P＜0.01)以及最大直径＞5mm(OR 1.866,95％ CI 1.012～3.437;P=0.046)为颅内动脉瘤破裂的独立危险因素.结论 女性动脉瘤患者发生率和破裂率均高于男性,高血压、吸烟史、存在子囊、动脉瘤部位、动脉瘤最大直径、瘤体长度以及AR均是影响颅内动脉瘤破裂的因素,其中女性、存在子囊和最大直径＞5 mm是独立危险因素.