与鼻内镜手术相关的鼻泪管解剖测量

①目的　熟悉鼻泪管的局部解剖关系 ,为鼻内镜下鼻泪管的手术提供依据。②方法　对 5 6侧正中矢状位切开尸头的鼻泪管进行解剖学测量。③结果　鼻泪管开口位于下鼻道前 1/ 3段顶或侧壁 (30侧 ,2 6侧 )。鼻泪管长度为 (15 .99± 2 .5 2 )mm ,鼻泪管上口径平均 2 .97mm ,鼻泪管中段管径 4.2 0mm ,鼻泪管上口内侧壁厚平均 0 .73mm ,中段内侧壁厚平均 0 .5 5mm ,鼻泪管下口前缘至前鼻棘距离平均 2 1.97mm ,下口前缘至下鼻甲前缘附着处的距离平均为 10 .5 4mm ,上颌窦开口前缘到鼻泪管后壁的距离平均 3.82mm ,鼻泪管长轴与眉间至前鼻棘连线的夹角为 8.74°± 1.39° ,以上各指标左右侧比较差异无显著性 (t =- 0 .983～ 1.481,P >0 .0 5 )。④结论　鼻泪管上口位于鼻丘隆突下缘 ,下口位于下鼻道前端顶或侧壁 ,是鼻内镜鼻腔泪囊造口术的重要标志。     

Amplatzer堵闭器治疗动脉导管未闭11例临床观察

[目的]评价Amplatzer堵闭器对动脉导管未闭(PDA)的治疗效果.[方法]应用Amplatzer堵闭器和主动脉造影及6F长鞘输送器置入Amplatzer堵闭器,治疗11例动脉导管未闭患者.[结果]堵闭成功率100%;随访2月～1年,全部病例无残余分流和任何并发症.[结论]应用Amplatzer堵闭器治疗PDA操作简便,安全,有效.     

Male pseudohermaphrodite with persistent Mullerian duct: A radiologist’s and patient’s dilemma alike

This case study highlights that how a disorder of sexual development when goes unnoticed at birth and unreported during childhood or adolescence can present with major problems and even complications in adulthood. Since our patient was young and in a childbearing age, he presented with bilateral undescended testes and orgasmic anejaculation when he first came to the hospital. Subsequently, having a normal 46XY karyotype but remnants of persistent Mullerian duct made him little confused about his identity. After giving him the confidence, that he was still a male and could lead the life he did previously, the explanation about future risk of malignancy in the intra-abdominal testes was another difficult task. Early detection and management of male pseudohermaphroditism with persistent Mullerian duct requires a co-ordinated approach of a team of endocrinologist, physician, surgeon and radiologist. Integrated imaging in the form of ultrasound, genitography and MRI is important in demonstrating the anatomy, classification, possible effects or congenital malformations in other organs, warning patients of any risk of neoplasia and guiding the clinician to plan other investigations, hormonal replacement or reconstruction surgery if required. Such a systemic approach that allays anxiety and gives psychological relief to the patient should be taken as it can deeply change the life of a person and their family.     

Duodenopancreatectomía cefálica y tutorización externa del conducto de Wirsung. Resultados de una serie de 80 casos consecutivos

IntroductionThere is controversy regarding the ideal pancreaticojejunostomy technique after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Many authors consider the external Wirsung stenting technique to be associated with a low incidence of fistula, morbidity and mortality. We analyse our experience with this technique.Patients and methodsA retrospective analysis of the morbidity and mortality of a series of 80 consecutive patients who had been treated surgically over a 6.5-year period for pancreatic head or periampullary tumors, performing pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreaticojejunostomy with external Wirsung duct stenting.ResultsMean patient age was 68.3 ± 9 years, and the resectability rate was 78%. The texture of the pancreas was soft in 51.2% of patients and hard in 48.8%. Pylorus-preserving resection was performed in 43.8%. Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent tumor (68.8%), and R0 was confirmed in 70% of patients. Biochemical fistula was observed in 11.2%, pancreatic fistula grade B in 12.5% and C in 2.5%, whereas the abdominal reoperation rate was 10%. Median postoperative hospital stay was 16 days, and postoperative and 90-day mortality was 2.5%. Delayed gastric emptying was observed in 36.3% of patients, de novo diabetes in 12.5%, and exocrine insufficiency in 3. Patient survival rates after 1, 3 and 5 years were 80.2, 53.6 and 19.2%, respectively.ConclusionsAlthough our low rates of postoperative complications and mortality using external Wirsung duct stenting coincides with other more numerous recent series, it is necessary to perform a comparative analysis with other techniques, including more cases, to choose the best reconstruction technique after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓多学科诊治中国专家共识（2020版）

肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC;以下简称肝癌)发病率位居全世界常见恶性肿瘤第六位,每年新发病例约74万,近一半在中国。在我国,肝癌相关死亡率仅次于肺癌和胃癌,高居第三位[1-2]。临床上,肝癌多侵犯血管形成血管癌栓,亦可侵犯胆管形成胆管癌栓(bile ducttumor thrombus,BDTT)。文献[3-5]报道,BDTT发生率为0.5%~2.5%。BDTT可沿肝内胆管向肝门部胆管延伸,甚至阻塞胆总管导致黄疸、胆道出血等。其自然病程约为1~3个月[6-7]。     

LCBDE+LC与ERCP+LC治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的网状Meta分析

目的 近年来,腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）、腹腔镜胆总管探查术（LCBDE）、内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）普遍应用于胆系结石的治疗,本Meta分析比较了三种治疗胆囊结石合并胆管结石的手术方式的疗效及安全性,即LCBDE+LC、术前ERCP（PreERCP）+LC、术中ERCP（IntraERCP）+LC。方法 计算机检索Medline、PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase数据库,查找1990—2019年关于LCBDE+LC、PreERCP+LC、IntraERCP+LC治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的随机对照试验（RCT）研究。按照纳入与排除标准,选择文献、评价质量、提取数据,采用Stata软件进行网状Meta分析。计算累积排序概率曲线下面积（SUCRA）,用于预测各手术方式的有效性及安全性,主要结局指标为结石清除率,病死率,胰腺炎、胆漏、出血,以及中转开腹率。结果 共有19篇RCT研究纳入分析,共计2 627例患者。网状Meta分析结果显示：（1）结石清除率：IntraERCP+LC优于LCBDE+LC、PreERCP+LC,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;（2）病死率：LCBDE+LC、PreERCP+LC、IntraERCP+LC三者之间的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;（3）胰腺炎：PreERCP+LC的发生率高于LCBDE+LC、IntraERCP+LC,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;（4）出血：LCBDE+LC、PreERCP+LC、IntraERCP+LC三者之间的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;（5）胆漏：LCBDE+LC的发生率高于PreERCP+LC、IntraERCP+LC,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;（6）中转开腹率：PreERCP+LC与IntraERCP+LC、LCBDE+LC与IntraERCP+LC之间的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而LCBDE+LC发生率高于PreERCP+LC,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 LCBDE+LC、PreERCP+LC、IntraERCP+LC三种手术方式均可用于治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石,其中IntraERCP+LC的结石清除率最高,LCBDE+LC的胆漏风险较大,而PreERCP+LC的胰腺炎风险最高。     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓多学科诊治中国专家共识(2020版)

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓是肝癌的一种特殊类型,发生率为0.5%~2.5%,疾病进展快、预后差,目前国内外尚无相关的诊断与治疗共识,造成该疾病的治疗极不规范。中国医师协会肝癌专业委员会基于国内外本领域研究获得的循证医学证据,并结合我国临床实践,制订《肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓多学科诊治中国专家共识(2020版)》。该共识针对肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的临床表现、诊断及分型、外科治疗、辅助治疗以及其他局部、区域性和系统性治疗进行系统阐述,旨在规范、普及和提高对肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断和多学科治疗水平,改善该疾病总体预后。     

A case report of double cystic duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patient with chronic calcular cholecystitis

IntroductionAbnormal anatomy of the biliary tree predisposes patients to higher risks of ductal injury and postoperative complications. One of the extremely rare abnormalities of the cystic duct is the duplication of the cystic duct with a single gallbladder. The diagnosis is usually established during surgery. we report a case of double cystic duct with literature review.Presentation of caseA forty-two years old female patient who complained of recurrent biliary colic 9 months prior to the presentation. Murphy’s sigh was negative and with no other relevant clinical signs.Diagnosis and therapeutic interventionAbdominal ultrasound showed multiple gall stones; the largest one was about 11 mm in diameter. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done under general anesthesia with 4 ports insertion. A double cystic duct accidentally encountered after clipping and cutting what was apparently a single cystic duct. Intraoperative cholangiogram was done to confirm the anomaly and exclude CBD injury.ConclusionDouble cystic duct is a very rare variant of the cystic duct anomaly. Proper knowledge of this anomaly should be kept in mind to avoid any unnecessary steps.     

术中经胆囊管胆道造影的应用价值

目的：探讨胆囊切除术时经胆囊管作胆道造对胆道结石病人的应用价值。方法回顾分析442例患有胆囊胆道结石的病人经胆囊管胆道造影的情况。结果442例病人中,假阳性3例,假阴性1例,诊断准确率达99．1％,结论对胆囊胆道结石病人,特别具有胆总管相对探查指征的病人,常规作术中经胆囊管胆道造影可降低胆道残余结石发生率,减少胆道损务,避免不必要的胆总管探查。     

复发性甲状舌管囊肿(瘘管)的原因探讨和预防措施

目的：探讨甲状舌管囊肿（瘘管）术后复发的原因和提高手术疗效的措施。方法：对３２例甲状舌管囊肿（瘘管）病例（含８例术后复发者）,术前感染病例先行抗炎后再手术,准确判定甲状舌管囊肿与舌骨的关系,处理舌骨;术中衔注美蓝液入囊管内示踪,行Ｓｉｓｔｒｕｋ术式,分离小分支,以手术显微下失去示踪小支,手指接触诊疑为残存病灶处,行环形缝扎或电凝,射频等处理。结果：３２例均获成功,随访１年以上未见复发。结论：对甲状