Methicillin-resistant staphylococci in companion animals

We determined the molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococci from animals and staff at a small animal and equine hospital. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) identical to human EMRSA-15 was found in dogs and hospital staff. In contrast, 5 distinct MRSA strains were isolated from horses but not from hospital staff.     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farming

We conducted a study among a group of 26 regional pig farmers to determine the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence rate and found it was >760 times greater than the rate of patients admitted to Dutch hospitals. While spa-type t108 is apparently a more widespread clone among pig farmers and their environment, we did find other spa-types.     

Community MRSA

Zusammenfassung Infolge der Resistenz gegen alle -Laktamantibiotika und oft auch wegen des Erwerbs weiterer Antibiotikaresistenzen sind die Möglichkeiten der antibiotischen Behandlung von Infektionen mit Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) deutlich eingeschränkt. In den letzten 6 Jahren sind weltweit MRSA aufgetreten, die mit genetischen Determinanten für Panton-Valentin-Leukozidin eine zusätzliche Virulenzeigenschaft erwarben und tief gehende Haut-Weichteil-Infektionen verursachen können. Zur Verhinderung der weiteren Ausbreitung sind konsequente Maßnahmen der Prävention in der hautärztlichen Praxis und bei den betroffenen Patienten auch im häuslichen Milieu geboten.     

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the critically ill

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is endemicwithin many hospitals worldwide. Critically ill patients onintensive care units have increased risk factors making themespecially prone to nosocomially acquired infections. This reviewaddresses the current situation regarding the evolution of MRSAand the techniques for identifying and epidemiologically typingit. It discusses specific risk factors, the morbidity and mortalityassociated with critically ill patients, and possibilities forfuture antibiotic treatments. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92: 121–30     

Ultra-sonic nebulizers as a potential source of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing an outbreak in a university tertiary care hospital

An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) occurred on a head and neck surgical (HNS) ward of a university hospital in Amsterdam. The outbreak lasted from May 2000 until November 2000, and MRSA spread to two intensive care units. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis indicated that a single clone was responsible for the outbreak. Phage-typing indicated that this clone was of a type that was uncommon in The Netherlands. Strict isolation of patients, according to the Dutch national guidelines, was instituted. During the outbreak, surveillance culture specimens, from patients, healthcare workers, and the environment, were obtained at regular intervals. MRSA was found in the dust filters of nebulizers through which air from the room was filtered and subsequently humidified. These nebulizers were used to humidify tracheostomies. The dust filters were not maintained according to the guidelines. Restricted use and cleaning and disinfection of all ultra-sonic nebulizers led to termination of the outbreak. The outbreak illustrates that to terminate transmission of outbreak strains of MRSA, meticulous measures are necessary, which not only include strict isolation precautions, but also decontamination of the environment. In addition, it demonstrates the necessity of adhering to cleaning and disinfection guidelines for all medical and nursing equipment used in the hospital.     

带万古霉素的硫酸钙人工骨治疗耐药金黄色葡萄球菌感染的慢性骨髓炎

[目的]探讨带万古霉素的硫酸钙人工骨对甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染的慢性骨髓炎的疗效.[方法]2l例MRSA感染的慢性骨髓炎患者,病程3-12个月,平均8个月.将病灶部位彻底清刨,填入带万古霉素的硫酸钙人工骨,配合全身使用抗生素.[结果]21例患者全部治愈,随访18～54个月,平均25.2个月,未见复发.[结论]带万古霉素的硫酸钙人工骨足治疗MRSA感染的慢性骨髓炎的有效方法.     

MRSA: why have we got it and can we do anything about it?

MRSA, first identified in 1960, became a major cause of healthcare-associated infection with the emergence of epidemic strains EMRSA 15 and 16 in the 1990 s. MRSA bacteraemia surveillance in England showed a peak of 7700 in 2003-2004. A target was set to halve MRSA bacteraemias by 2008 backed by a central improvement programme for infection prevention and control. Healthcare-associated infection is a patient safety issue with joint responsibility between: clinicians responsible for patient care; managers responsible for the organisation of services; and the government/Department of Health responsible for national strategy, prioritisation and performance management, together with introducing a statutory Code of Practice. By 2011, the number of MRSA bacteraemias had reduced by 80% to 1481. The key drivers of improvement were management responsibility, enhanced surveillance, adherence to clinical protocols and care bundles for invasive procedures, hand hygiene and environmental cleaning, and improved isolation procedures and antibiotic stewardship. The target has been translated into an ongoing MRSA objective, and further control of MRSA is supported by a screening programme aimed at all relevant hospital admissions. Sustaining the reduction will depend upon joint responsibility between management maintaining compliance assurance with policies and individual clinicians keeping it as a priority in patient safety.     

万古霉素、利奈唑胺治疗MRSA 感染的成本效益分析

目的 比较和分析万古霉素与利奈唑胺在治疗自耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）感染方面的区别与联系,为临床合理用药提供理论依据。方法 采用回顾性分析,选取2014 年1 月-2016 年3 月西安医学院第一附属医院存在MRSA 感染并使用万古霉素或（和）利奈唑胺治疗的病例资料,比较患者使用万古霉素与利奈唑胺的疗效和药物经济学情况,评价其合理性。结果 在治疗MRSA 感染时,利奈唑胺对肾功能的影响低于万古霉素（P <0.05）;万古霉素组的疗程和住院天数分别为（7.04±0.45）d、（10.76±0.53）d,利奈唑胺组疗程和住院天数分别为（5.12±0.47）d、（8.06±0.58）d,两者疗程与住院天数差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;药物利用指数（DUI）均<1。利奈唑胺有效率高于万古霉素（P <0.05）;利奈唑胺的成本效果比（C/E）低于万古霉素。结论 与万古霉素比较,在治疗MRSA 感染过程中。利奈唑胺对肾功能的影响小、成本效益更优、疗效及安全性更好。