Blood pressure reduction in pregnancy by sodium chloride.

Volume expansion in the presence of elevated aldosterone availabilityis a hallmark of normal pregnancy. Intravascular volume depletioncharacterizes severe pregnancy-associated disease conditionssuch as intra-uterine growth retardation, chronic hypertensionor pre-eclampsia [1]. Two hypotheses have been forwarded toexplain volume depletion in pregnancy: the first hypothesischarges inappropriate sensing of vascular ‘overfilling’,resulting in an increased transendothelial loss of fluid tothe extravascular compartment. In contrast, the second hypothesisfocuses on vascular ‘underfilling’ due to inappropriatelylow aldosterone levels. The second hypothesis is based on theassumption that a compensatory increase in the circulating fluidvolume is required in normal pregnancy to support fetal substratedelivery. According to the second concept, maternal blood pressureincreases due to counter-regulatory mechanisms when placentalblood supply is reduced [2]. In support of the ‘underfilling’hypothesis are observations that a     

A cohort mortality study among cobalt and sodium workers in an electrochemical plant

We have studied the mortality between 1950 and 1980 of a cohort of 1,143 workers in an electrochemical plant producing cobalt and sodium. The mortality of the whole cohort is significantly lower than in the French population for all causes of death (SMR = 0.77), and especially for deaths from circulatory system diseases (SMR = 0.59). However, among cobalt production workers, there is a relative over-mortality, especially from lung cancers (SMR = 4.66, 4 cases). The relationship between cobalt production and lung cancer mortality was supported by a case-control study nested in the cohort study. The authenticity of the occupational origin of this risk could not be established due to the low number of cases and because the role of tobacco consumption could not be taken into account. Other studies should be carried out in plants producing or using cobalt.     

2%HPMC对兔眼内压及角膜内皮影响的实验研究

报导了2%羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、1%透明质酸钠(Na-HA)及平衡盐液(BSS)分别注入兔眼前房后,其眼内压、角膜内皮细胞数及内皮细胞形态的变化。证实自制2%HPMC 与进口1%Na-HA 性能基本相同,仅有一过性眼压升高,不损害角膜内皮,能在眼前节手术及人工晶体植入时有效地保护角膜内皮细胞。     

Modulators of growth in primary culture of rat proximal tubular cells II

Summary: The present studies assessed the effects of manipulating extracellular sodium (Na) concentration and Na transport on cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia in primary culture of rat proximal tubular cells. A concentration-dependent effect on thymidine incorporation and protein content was observed with cell culture media Na concentration of 130, 140 and 150 mmol/L. This effect was independent of osmolality (matched with mannitol) and no stimulatory effect occurred if choline was substituted for Na. Cells derived from sham-operated (Sx) animals exposed to a higher media concentration of Na (150 vs 140 mmol/L) had both stimulated thymidine incorporation to 186.8 ± 35.41% (P<0.05) and enhanced cell protein content to 134.7 ± 135% (P<0.05). This effect was more pronounced in cell cultures derived from unilaterally nephrectomized (Nx) animals, being 212.8 ± 31.5% (P<0.01) for thymidine incorporation (P<0.05 vs cells from sham-operated animals grown in high Na media) and 114.4 ± 3.2% (P<0.001) for protein content (P=0.11 vs sham-operated cells grown in similar conditions). the addition of 10^?4 mmol/L ethylisopropyl amiloride hydrochloride (EIPA) to Nx cells in a normal or high Na concentration media resulted in a decrease in cellular protein content to 82.6 ± 6.8% (P<0.05) and 85.5 ± 0.2% (P<0.0001) compared to respective controls. 10^?4 mol/L EIPA in media supplemented with insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) blocked the proliferative response normally seen in response to this growth factor from 156.6 ± 13.7 to 27.5 ± 3.1% (P<0.0001) compared to control. However, the presence of EIPA did not abrogate the hypertrophic response elicited by IGF-1 (cell protein content 128.1 ± 13.1% of control with IGF-1 vs 124.9 ± 12.5 with IGF-1 and EIPA; P= n.s.). Addition of 10^?4 mol/L EIPA to 10% serum derived from either Sx or Nx animals blocked the growth response to the sera, limiting the cellular protein content to 76.6 ± 5.5% (P<0.0001) and 89.7 ± 4.4% (P<0.0001) and thymidine incorporation to quiescent levels of 0.2 ± 0.1% (P<0.0001) and 0.4 ± 0.1% (P<0.0001) compared to respective controls. In summary, rat renal proximal tubular cell growth is influenced by Na concentrations in the cell culture environment and inhibited in the presence of EIPA. This supports a role for altered epithelial transport in the cellular growth response to a number of stimuli.     

ACUTE EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON RENAL ELECTROLYTE TRANSPORT IN THE RAT

1. Despite human and animal studies, the direct effect of ethanol on renal water and electrolyte transport is poorly understood. The acute effect of increasing plasma concentrations of ethanol was evaluated in a water diuretic anaesthetized rat model which inhibits endogenous arginine vaso-pressin (AVP) release. 2. Ethanol at a plasma concentration of 1.69 ±0.28 mmol/L produced an immediate increase in urine flow (174 ± 11 μL/min pre-ethanol and 189 ± 13 and then 206 ± 12 μL/min during the ethanol infusion; P<0.001) as well as an increase in fractional sodium excretion (0.17 ± 0.04 to 0.28 ± 0.05 and 0.27 ± 0.05%; P<0.001). There was also a brief phosphaturia. These increases in electrolyte excretion had returned to control values by 20 min despite a further increase in the plasma ethanol concentration. 3. The urinary excretion of potassium, calcium and magnesium was not altered nor was glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow. 4. Ethanol at a mean concentration of 1.60 mmol/L did not alter the action of a maximal concentration of AVP (75 ng/kg) on water or electrolyte transport. However, the antidiuretic effect of a submaximal concentration of AVP (7.5 ng/kg) was augmented by ethanol at concentrations of 1.63 and 0.98 mmol/L. 5. These studies suggest that the ethanol induced diuresis commonly ascribed to inhibition of AVP secretion may also be due to other intrarenal effects of ethanol, possibly acting within the proximal tubule. These results also confirm recent in vitro findings that while ethanol does not inhibit the action of a maximal concentration of AVP, it does modulate the effects of lower AVP concentrations.     

药用淀粉生产工艺改进研究

用十二烷基硫酸钠或十二烷基磺酸钠与亚硫酸的混合液浸泡玉米，能有效地降低玉米淀粉中的蛋白质含量，较单独用亚硫酸浸泡，所得玉米淀粉的蛋白质含量可分别降低４０％和３５％。     

Fecal stream is essential for adaptive induction of glucose-coupled sodium transport in the remnant ileum after total proctocolectomy

Our previous studies demonstrated that sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1) was induced in the remnant ileum of total colectomized rats via the action of factors other than hyperaldosteronism. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether fecal stream is required for the enhancement of SGLT-1-mediated sodium transport. Twenty-seven pairs of ileal tissues were obtained from the proximal and distal side, respectively, of loop ileostomy after total proctocolectomy. Mucosae were mounted in an Ussing chamber to evaluate glucose-coupled sodium transport. Levels of SGLT-1 mRNA in proximal and distal mucosae were compared by Northern blotting. Villous height and crypt depth were measured to test for correlations between mucosal structure and SGLT-1-mediated sodium transport or mRNA expression levels. Both glucose-coupled sodium transport and expression of SGLT-1 mRNA were significantly lower in distal mucosae relative to proximal mucosae. In distal mucosae, villous height, but not crypt depth, was significantly lower than in proximal mucosae, demonstrating a positive correlation between villous height and SGLT-1 function and expression. Comparative studies of proximal and distal mucosae demonstrated that in addition to hormonal changes, fecal stream is required for full induction of the sodium transport system (which includes SGLT-1-mediated transport) in the remnant ileum following total proctocolectomy. Presented in part at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–19, 2005 (poster presentation). This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research 10557118 and 14657295 from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan to K. Fukushima, and by Kanae Foundation to K. Fukushima.     

示差导数光谱法测定感冒通片中双氯灭痛和扑尔敏的含量

本文利用示差导数光谱法对感冒通片中双氯灭痛和扑尔敏进行定量测定。本法用同一样品液,在同一测定条件下完成,具有操作简便、快速、灵敏度高和重现性好等特点,双氯灭痛和扑尔敏的平均回收率分别为99.5%和97.3%,变异系数分别为0.42%和0.63%.