光学相干断层扫描血管成像在慢性肾脏病中的研究进展

肾小球与视网膜脉络膜微血管在发育及结构的相似性为通过观察视网膜血管来无创性研究肾脏微循环提供了机会,近些年来,光学相干断层扫描血管成像( OCTA)这一项眼底血管成像技术在慢性肾脏病( CKD)中的研究开展较多,并且取得了大量研究成果,现就 OCTA在 CKD研究中所观察到视网膜脉络膜微血管及神经参数等方面的特征性变化进行综述,以期对预测 CKD的病程和预后提供新思路,对 CKD病人进行及早干预和病情随访提供更多的帮助。     

中性粒细胞与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值对急性心肌梗死病人院内主要心血管不良事件的预测价值

目的探讨中性粒细胞与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇( HDL-C)的比值( NHR)对 AMI病人发生院内 MACE的预测价值以及 NHR与 Gensini评分量化的冠状动脉病变严重程度、左室射血分数( LVEF)量化的心脏泵功能的潜在关联。方法纳入 2018年 1月至 2022年 1月东南大学附属中大医院住院并接受冠状动脉造影的 546例 AMI病人。收集人口统计学数据、临床资料及计算 Gensini评分,依据住院期间是否发生 MACE,分为 MACE组( n=105)和非 MACE组( n=441)。使用受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)检验 NHR预测院内 MACE的能力,并确定最佳截断值。使用多因素 logistic回归分析院内 MACE的影响因素,时,采用线性回归分析 NHR对 Gensini评分、 LVEF值的影响,并通过 Graphpad prism绘图进行可视化处理。院内 MACE定义同为:住院死亡、心源性休克、致血流动力学紊乱的恶性心律失常(包括室颤、持续性室速、高度及三度房室传导阻滞)等。结果MACE组的 NHR［13.64(9.89,18.19)］显著高于非 MACE组［7.73(5.83,10.07)］并且 NHR对 AMI病人院内 MACE具有较强的预测价值［AUC:0.84,95%CI:(0.79,0.88),P<0.001］调整混杂因素后,多因素二元,logistic回归分析显示 NHR是 AMI病人院内MACE的独立危险因素［OR:1.29,95%CI:(1.16,1.43),P<0.001］。线性回归分析显示 NHR与 AMI病人 Gensini评分呈显著正相关( P<0.001)与 LVEF呈显著负相关( P<0.001)。结论,本研究证实 NHR是 AMI病人院内 MACE的有力预测指标,是院内MACE的独立危险,因素之一,与 Gensini评分量化的冠状动脉病变严重程度呈显著正相关,与 LVEF量化的心脏泵功能呈显著负相关,可用于早期识别 AMI病人院内 MACE的高危人群,辅助临床诊疗。     

A rare case of isolated accessory mitral tissue in an asymptomatic adult female

Accessory mitral valve tissue (AMVT) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly, which is associated with other congenital heart diseases. It is diagnosed in neonates or childhood and rarely in adulthood. Nevertheless, AMVT is an incidental finding or described as isolated. Echocardiography, especially three-dimensional echocardiography is considered as an optimal imaging technique for AMVT diagnosis. We herein presented an asymptomatic adult AMVT cases with significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and surgical excision was recommended.     

磁共振成像(T2*)检测重型β-地中海贫血患儿心脏、肝脏铁负荷及左心室射血分数的研究

目的观察我院重型β-地中海贫血(β-TM)患儿血清铁蛋白(SF)和体内铁沉积状况及对心脏功能的影响。方法检测我院28例重型β-TM患儿SF水平,并由我院放射科运用磁共振成像T2*(MRI T2*)技术检测心脏及肝脏铁沉积状况及左室射血分数(LVEF)。结果本组28例患儿中男16例,女12例,中位年龄11.2岁(7岁1个月~16岁11个月)。28例患儿中SF轻度升高者4例(14.3%),中度升高者8例(28.6%),高度升高者16例(57.1%)。肝脏MRI T2*检测结果 :肝铁轻度沉积2例(7.1%),中度沉积8例(28.6%),重度沉积18例(54.8%);心脏MRI T2*检测结果 :心铁正常16例(57.1%),轻度铁沉积4例(14.3%),中度铁沉积4例(14.3%),重度铁沉积4例(14.3%);LVEF降低者19例(67.9%),4例心脏重度铁沉积患儿中有3例(75%)LVEF明显降低(≤55%)。本组患儿SF水平与肝脏T2*值(r=-0.467,P=0.036)、心脏T2*值(r=-0.486,P=0.01)呈明显负相关;SF与输血量呈正相关(r=0.634,P=0.043;r=0.067,P=0.124)而与去铁治疗呈负相关(r=-0.526,P=0.043),SF和心脏T2*值与LVEF均无相关性(r=-0.154,P=0.306;r=0.067,P=0.124)。结论重型β-TM患儿SF增高及肝脏重度铁沉积发生率高,虽然心脏重度铁沉积患儿发生率不高,但心脏重度铁沉积患儿多有LVEF明显降低。     

OCTA在糖尿病视网膜病变中的临床应用现状

糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病引起的微血管病变中最常见的疾病,晚期对视力危害极大,如不及时治疗,可致盲。糖尿病视网膜病变以往诊治、随访主要依据荧光素眼底血管造影,因其操作有创、容易发生过敏不良反应等副作用在临床应用中有一定的局限性。近年兴起的光学相干断层扫描血管成像无创、快速、眼底血管成像分辨率高,它不仅可以分层显示视网膜脉络膜血管网信息,而且能定量分析黄斑区血流变化情况,并且首次实现在活体上对视盘、黄斑区的血流分析达到组织解剖水平,应用前景广阔,越来越受眼科医生的青睐。本文就OCTA在糖尿病视网膜病变中的临床应用现状进行简要综述。     

Left Ventricular Abnormality and Covert Atrial Fibrillation in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source

Aims: The relationship between left ventricular (LV) function and AF detection in embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) patients with insertable cardiac monitors (ICMs) remains unclear. We investigated the association between LV function and AF detection in patients with ESUS after ICMs implantation. Methods: We enrolled patients with ESUS who underwent ICMs implantation from September 2016 to September 2020 using a single-center, prospective registry. LV systolic and diastolic functions were assessed on precordial echocardiography by LV fractional shortening (LVFS) and average E/e’, respectively. Associations between characteristics of LV function and detection of AF by ICMs were analyzed. Results: Participants comprised 101 patients (median age, 74 years; male, 62%). During a median follow-up period of 442 days (interquartile range (IQR), 202–770 days), AF was detected in 24 patients (24%). Median duration from ICMs implantation to AF detection was 71 days (IQR, 13–150 days). When LVFS and E/e’ were dichotomized by cutoff value, each of low LVFS (＜35.5%; adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 4.77; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.77–12.9) and high E/e’ (≥ 8.65; adjusted HR, 4.56; 95%CI, 1.17–17.7) were independently associated with AF detection after adjusting for age and sex. When patients were divided into four groups according to dichotomized LVFS and E/e’, the combination of low LVFS and high E/e’ was independently associated with AF. Conclusions: In patients with ESUS after ICMs implantation, the LV characteristics of low LVFS and high E/e’ were associated with AF detection.     

Mechanical pulmonic valve thrombosis: expanding role of cardiac CT and multimodality imaging

We report a case of a 44-year-old man with a clinical history of Tetralogy of Fallot status post staged surgical correction with mechanical pulmonic valve replacement who presented with progressive exertional dyspnea in the setting of non-compliance with anticoagulation. In the context of this suggestive clinical presentation, the diagnosis of mechanical pulmonic valve thrombosis (MPVT) was made possible via multimodality imaging, including transthoracic echocardiogram and cardiac computed tomography angiography. Due to the uncommon nature of the condition, the patient was treated with systemic thrombolysis and anticoagulation using evidence-based guidelines, largely extrapolated from left-sided mechanical valve thrombosis. Our case underscores the importance of anticoagulation in MPVT and recognizing the features of MPVT on clinical history, physical examination, and multimodality imaging. It is essential to understand the pivotal role of multimodality imaging in the assessment of MPVT and realize the limitations of available data regarding the management of MPVT in the current era.     

Chest pain in the emergency department: From score to core—A prospective clinical study

High-sensitivity troponin assay brought new challenges as we detect elevated concentration in many other diseases, and it became difficult to distinguish the real cause of this elevation. In this notion, diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains a challenge in emergency department (ED).We aim to examine different approaches for rule-in and rule-out of ACS using risk scores, copeptin, and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).A prospective observational study was designed to evaluate chest pain patients. Consecutive adult patients admitted to the ED with a chief complaint of chest pain due to any cause were included.All patients were followed-up for 6 months after discharge for major adverse cardiovascular events and readmissions. Admission data, ED processes, and diagnoses were analyzed.One hundred forty-six patients were included, average age was 63 ± 13.4 years, and 95 (65.1%) were male. Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) and History, ECG, Age, Risk factors, Troponin (HEART) scores showed good prognostic abilities, but HEART combination with copeptin improves diagnoses of myocardial infarction (area under the curve [AUC] 0.764 vs AUC 0.864 P = .0008). Patients with elevated copeptin were older, had higher risk scores, and were more likely to be admitted to hospital and diagnosed with ACS in ED. For copeptin, AUC was 0.715 (95% confidence interval 0.629–0.803), and for combination with troponin, AUC of 0.770 (0.703–0.855) did not improve rule-in of myocardial infarction. High-sensitivity troponin I assay alongside prior stroke, history of carotid stenosis, dyslipidemia, use of diuretics, and electrocardiogram changes (left bundle branch block or ST depression) are good predictors of myocardial infarction (χ² = 52.29, AUC = 0.875 [0.813–0.937], P < .001). The regression analysis showed that combination of copeptin and CCTA without significant stenosis can be used for ACS rule-out (χ² = 26.36, P < .001, AUC = 0.772 [0.681–0.863], negative predictive value of 96.25%).For rule-in of ACS, practitioner should consider not only scores for risk stratification but carefully analyze medical history and nonspecific electrocardiogram changes and even with normal troponin results, we strongly suggest thorough evaluation in chest pain unit. For rule-out of ACS combination of copeptin and CCTA holds great potential.     

布加综合征的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(multislice spiral CT, MSCT)在布加综合征(Budd-Chiari syndrome, BCS)中的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析28例经DSA或手术证实的布加综合征MSCT影像特点.结果 BCS的MSCT特点为:①CT平扫形态学改变:肝脏不规则增大15例,弥漫增大10例,未见明显改变3例;②强化特征:花斑状强化型11例,周边强化型6例,中央强化型8例,不规则强化3例;③CTA准确显示阻塞的部位及侧支循环血管:肝静脉闭塞3例;下腔静脉狭窄闭塞25例,其中7例伴肝静脉闭塞;显示肝外侧支循环16例,肝内侧支循环2例,肝内外均有侧支循环7例,3例无侧支循环血管.结论 MSCT能准确直观反映布加综合征阻塞的性质、部位、范围、侧支血管及其与周围器官的空间关系,能从形态及功能上反映肝脏损害程度.