Angle measurements of the distal radius: a cadaver study

The quality of reduction of distal radius fractures is assessed mainly by degree of restoration of radial angle and palmar tilt. This cadaver study investigates the effects of forearm rotation of these measurements. A 5° rotational change produces a 1.6° change in palmar tilt on the conventional lateral view and a 1.0° change on the 15° lateral view. Lateral radiographs could be rotated 15°–30° and still be considered acceptable. Therefore, rotation may produce up to a 4.0° (15° lateral view) or 6.4° (conventional lateral view) change in measured palmar tilt. To provide clearer measuring landmarks and minimize error due to rotation, we recommend obtaining the 15° lateral view routinely in fractures with significant dorsal angulation. We also studied the interobserver variability of different surgeons assessing radial angle and palmar tilt. The mean standard deviation between surgeons was 3.2° for radial angle, 3.6° for conventional lateral palmar tilt, and 2.1° for 15° lateral palmar tilt.     

pQCT bone strength index may serve as a better predictor than bone mineral density for long bone breaking strength

Bone mineral density (BMD) is commonly used to predict osteoporotic fracture risk without considering the geometry of the bone. However, geometric parameters are also important in determination of bone strength. An index including both material and geometric properties may be therefore more relevant in prediction of fracture risk. We studied the correlation between parameters measured by noninvasive peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and bone bending strength of the diaphysis of 45 fresh goat humeri and 27 femora. Multislice pQCT was used for measuring volumetric diaphyseal cortical BMD, total BMD, diaphyseal and cortical cross-sectional area (CSA), and cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) and their derived bone strength indices (BSIs), including BSI_CSMI (cortical BMD × CSMI) and BSI_CSA (cortical BMD × cortical CSA). Conventional dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA) was also conducted to measure areal BMD of diaphysis for comparison. Ultimate fracture load was obtained via three-point bending test. Results showed that for femora, fracture load was correlated better with BSI_CSA (r = 0.697, P 0.001) than cortical BMD (r = 0.304, P 0.05) and total BMD (r = 0.387, P 0.05) measured using pQCT and areal BMD (r = 0.612, P 0.001) measured using DXA. For humeri, fracture load was also correlated with BSI_CSA (r = 0.579, P 0.001) but not with other pQCT parameters including cortical BMD and total BMD (r = 0.282 and 0.305, respectively; P 0.05, both). The best correlation was found with areal BMD measured by DXA (r = 0.760, P 0.001). In conclusion, pQCT noninvasive BSI_CSA derived from cortical BMD (material) and its cortical CSA (bone geometry or distribution) may serve as an important noninvasive index for predicting long bone bending strength. The bending strength was also predicted by bone mass (areal BMD) measured by DXA, an integration of bone mineral and geometry. Further clinical studies are needed to validate the predictive value of BSI in long bone osteoporotic fracture.     

侧脑室肿瘤的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 探讨侧脑室肿瘤的MRI表现特点. 资料与方法 回顾性分析25例经手术病理证实的侧脑室肿瘤的MRI表现. 结果 25例侧脑室肿瘤中,星形细胞瘤9例,其中3例(3/9)位于侧脑室三角区,3例(3/9)位于侧脑室体部;脑膜瘤6例,其中4例(4/6)位于侧脑室三角区,6例增强扫描均呈明显均匀强化;室管膜下瘤3例,2例位于侧脑室前角和室间孔区,增强扫描不强化或轻度强化;中枢神经细胞瘤2例, 1例位于侧脑室前角,1例位于侧脑室体部;脉络丛乳头状瘤2例;室管膜瘤2例;转移瘤1例. 结论 侧脑室肿瘤MRI表现有一定特点.     

应用AXIS侧块钢板螺钉内固定系统治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨AIXS侧块钢板螺钉系统在下颈椎骨折脱位中的应用。方法 对29例下颈椎骨折脱位患者进行AIXS后路侧块钢板螺钉系统固定,随访其内固定、骨融合和脊髓功能恢复情况。结果 全部病例得到随访,随访期平均13个月。所有患者术中未出现与内固定有关的并发症,术后无螺钉松动、移位和断裂。29例患者均在3～6个月获得骨性融合。脊髓功能有不同程度恢复。结论 AXIS侧块钢板内固定系统具有稳定性好、操作相对安全、方便的特点,是下颈椎后路内固定的良好选择。     

Importance of Sample Size for the Estimation of Repeater F Waves in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Background:

In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), repeater F waves are increased. Accurate assessment of repeater F waves requires an adequate sample size.

Methods:

We studied the F waves of left ulnar nerves in ALS patients. Based on the presence or absence of pyramidal signs in the left upper limb, the ALS patients were divided into two groups: One group with pyramidal signs designated as P group and the other without pyramidal signs designated as NP group. The Index repeating neurons (RN) and Index repeater F waves (Freps) were compared among the P, NP and control groups following 20 and 100 stimuli respectively. For each group, the Index RN and Index Freps obtained from 20 and 100 stimuli were compared.

Results:

In the P group, the Index RN (P = 0.004) and Index Freps (P = 0.001) obtained from 100 stimuli were significantly higher than from 20 stimuli. For F waves obtained from 20 stimuli, no significant differences were identified between the P and NP groups for Index RN (P = 0.052) and Index Freps (P = 0.079); The Index RN (P < 0.001) and Index Freps (P < 0.001) of the P group were significantly higher than the control group; The Index RN (P = 0.002) of the NP group was significantly higher than the control group. For F waves obtained from 100 stimuli, the Index RN (P < 0.001) and Index Freps (P < 0.001) of the P group were significantly higher than the NP group; The Index RN (P < 0.001) and Index Freps (P < 0.001) of the P and NP groups were significantly higher than the control group.

Conclusions:

Increased repeater F waves reflect increased excitability of motor neuron pool and indicate upper motor neuron dysfunction in ALS. For an accurate evaluation of repeater F waves in ALS patients especially those with moderate to severe muscle atrophy, 100 stimuli would be required.     

关节镜下LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带及有限切开重建外侧副韧带

目的探讨后交叉韧带、外侧副韧带同时损伤后,应用LARS人工韧带关节镜下重建后交叉韧带并同时有限切开重建外侧副韧带的手术方法。方法8例关节镜下LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带同时有限切开LARS人工韧带重建外侧副韧带。术后随访6~29个月,采用国际膝关节委员会韧带标准评价表(IKDC)和Lysholm膝关节功能评分表评估患膝功能。结果术后无膝关节感染发生,无伸膝受限,屈膝活动度115~125°,术后随访时IKDC评分:8例均为A类,患者术前Lysholm膝关节功能评分平均为60分以下,终末随访时为平均91·5分。结论膝关节后交叉韧带、外侧副韧带同时损伤,较为少见,采用自体或异体移植物等方法重建创伤大,移植物来源有限,术后并发症多,膝关节术后不能达到即时稳定,易导致术后再次发生膝关节不稳。而应用LARS人工韧带关节镜下重建后交叉韧带,同时重建外侧副韧带,术后膝关节可获得即时稳定,利于膝关节早期活动,避免相关并发症的发生,临床疗效满意。     

Intraoperative radiotherapy for oncological and function-preserving surgery in patients with advanced lower rectal cancer

Backgrounds Pelvic autonomic nerve preservation (PANP) with lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) has been introduced in rectal cancer surgery in Japan; however, its indication has not been standardized yet. Materials and methods Forty-four patients with advanced lower rectal cancer were randomized to either the standard treatment group (control group) or the intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) group. All patients underwent potentially curative resection of the rectum with total mesorectal excision. The control group underwent bilateral LLND and limited PANP. The IORT group underwent bilateral LLND, complete PANP, and IORT. Patients allocated to the IORT group received IORT to the bilateral preserved pelvic nerve plexuses. Patients’ clinicopathologic parameters, postoperative complications, voiding function, and prognosis were compared between the two groups. Results Among 44 patients enrolled, three patients were excluded from the analysis, resulting in 19 patients in the IORT group and 22 patients in the control group. Patients’ demographic and pathological parameters and postoperative complications were well balanced between the two groups. Oncological outcomes including overall and disease-free survival were also similar. Local recurrence was observed in one patient in each group. Among the 34 patients not complicated with intrapelvic abscess, the mean duration of urinary catheter indwelling was 8 days in the IORT group and 13 days in the control group (p = 0.055). In the long term, medication for urination was necessitated in four patients in the control group, whereas in none in the IORT group (p = 0.059). Discussions Oncological outcomes in the IORT group are equal to those in the control group, and voiding functions in the IORT group are superior to those in the control group. These results suggest that IORT may be useful to expand the indication of complete PANP with LLND for advanced lower rectal cancer.     

侧卧位微创经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肾结石的临床应用价值

目的:探讨侧卧位在微创经皮肾镜手术中的临床应用价值.方法:回顾性分析2007年1～12月采用侧卧位微创经皮肾镜手术治疗肾结石患者56例的临床资料:单侧结石48例,双侧结石8例.肾单发结石38例,肾鹿角形结石18例.结石最大经2.4～6.7 cm.结果:平均手术时间85 min,平均住院12天.45例次单发肾结石手术中,38例次行单通道一期手术;7例次因术中发现肾积脓,留置造瘘管后改二期手术;19例次肾鹿角形结石均采用双通道取石,其中一期手术取石8例次,二期手术取石11例次.术前血红蛋白112±28 g/L,一期手术后1～3天检查血红蛋白为102.5±31.5 g/L.术后需用ESWL辅助治疗17例.总结石排净率为92.3%.结论:侧卧位是泌尿外科医生最熟悉的手术体位,也是进行微创经皮肾镜手术的理想手术体位,特别是B超定位穿刺技术的广泛应用,更应该推广使用侧卧位进行微创经皮肾镜手术.     

Ankle arthroscopy with patient in prone position

Anterior ankle arthroscopy is the most commonly performed foot and ankle arthroscopy. By means of the anterolateral and anteromedial portals, the anterior compartment of the ankle joint can be approached easily. Different posterior portals had been described to reach the posterior ankle compartment. With the patient in prone position and the combination of anterior and posterior portals, the medial and lateral gutters of the ankle joint can be reached together with the anterior and posterior compartment. This is useful for complete synovectomy of the ankle joint.     

股前外侧区穿支动脉的形态学研究及皮瓣设计

目的探讨以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的皮瓣设计方法，以便增加术前多普勒定位的准确性。方法6具动脉灌注明胶-氧化铅混悬液的新鲜成人整尸标本，解剖观测股前外侧区穿支，通过血管造影术和拍摄X线片测量其直径、行程、分支和定位。用3D—doctor和Scion Image软件分别测量穿支供血的趋向性、三维重建和单穿支供血面积。结果股前外侧区共有外径大于0．5mm穿支16支，平均外径0．8mm，平均供血面积45．61cm^2，其中20％为肌间隙穿支，80％为肌皮穿支。平均蒂长为（3．15±1．43）cm。自旋股外侧动脉降支发出的穿支在浅筋膜中的平均长度为2．63cm。结论改良的氧化铅-明胶灌注技术可以为皮动脉和穿支皮瓣的研究提供高质量的血管造影图像。本研究发现股前外侧单穿支皮瓣的最大供血面积是30cm×20cm。以股前外侧区穿支设计的穿支皮瓣可以移植到下肢或身体其他部位。