高龄胃癌患者腹腔镜胃切除术安全性与近期疗效

目的:评价为高龄胃癌患者行腹腔镜胃切除术的安全性及近期疗效.方法:回顾分析2008年7月-2011年12月87例行胃切除术高龄(≥70岁)胃癌患者的临床资料,其中39例行腹腔镜手术(腔镜组),48例行开腹手术(开腹组),比较两组患者的一般情况、手术指标、术后恢复情况、并发症情况及治疗效果.结果:两组患者性别、中位年龄、术前合并症、ASA术前危险度评分、疾病类型均无明显差异(均P＞0.05).与开腹组比较,除平均手术时间无明显差异外(P＞0.05),腔镜组术中平均出血量(73 mL vs.309 mL),肠功能恢复时间(4.1 d vs.5.5 d),进流食时间(4.2 d vs.6d),平均住院时间( 19.1 d vs.25.2 d),术后心肺并发症发生率(28.2％ vs.56.3％)均明显减少(均P＜0.05).平均随访29个月,腹腔镜组和开腹组患者总生存率分别是57.1％和65.9％ (P＞0.05).结论:为高龄患者行腹腔镜胃癌切除术安全可行,可减少患者术中出血量,降低术后心肺并发症的发生率,加快术后胃肠功能恢复.     

LC术后胆管损伤合并肝动脉损伤的临床表现与治疗

腹腔镜胆囊切除术合并肝动脉损伤、胆管损伤较为常见,其临床表现不一,且从长远角度考虑疗效仍然欠佳。腹腔镜胆囊切除术术后胆管损伤合并肝动脉损伤较单一肝动脉损伤临床表现更为复杂,治疗方法更为棘手,故其治疗方案等依然是临床研究的重点。现就腹腔镜术后造成胆管损伤、肝动脉损伤的临床表现、诊断方法、治疗手段及结果进行综述,以期为临床提供相应依据。     

Minimal-access surgery for gastric cancer in Japan

Recently in Japan, endoscopic surgery has become focused on minimally invasive treatment for early gastric cancer. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is used to treat small mucosal gastric cancers &#104 2 cm in size; however, total removal of the cancerous lesion in one session cannot be performed easily. Laparoscopic partial resection of the gastric wall is indicated for the same lesions as EMR, and we can achieve complete removal of cancer lesions more accurately. However, the extension of indication to depressed type cancer > 1 cm may carry the risk of lymph-node metastasis. Laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy with lymph-node dissection is necessary for such lesions. It has many advantages over open gastrectomy in terms of postoperative pain, shorter febrile duration, reduced blood loss, earlier return to standing and earlier bowel movement. The wound is small and an almost-enclosed operation is possible. Furthermore, unlike other laparoscopic partial gastric resections, a major part of the regional lymph nodes can be extirpated, such as D1 + &#102. Laparoscopic gastrectomy will play a greater role in the future, especially in replacing open surgery in cases of early gastric cancer.     

Submarine laparoscopy: A technique for localization of bile leaks

Summary

Intraoperative localization of a bile leak is difficult during both open and laparoscopic surgery. By submerging a laparoscope in a subhepatic bath of saline, any significant leak of bile can be detected.     

Venous haemodynamics during laparoscopic surgery: A cause for concern

Summary. During laparoscopic surgery, intra-abdominal pressure is increased by the pneumoperitoneum. This may impede venous return from the legs and so predispose to venous thrombosis. The aim of this study was to investigate femoral venous velocity and femoral venous diameter during pneumoperitoneum, and to assess the reversibility of this effect by use of an intermittent calf compression device. Fourteen patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were studied. A duplex scanner was used to assess femoral venous velocity (both with and without use of a calf compression device), and diameter, before, during and after establishment of a pneumoperitoneum. There was a significant reduction in the femoral venous velocity (from 0.15-0.105 m/s, P<0.01) and a significant increase in femoral venous diameter (from 6.55-9.3 mm, P<0.01) during pneumoperitoneum. The use of a calf compression device reversed this effect (augmented velocity of 0.395 m/s during pneumoperitoneum, P<0.01). These results indicate that laparoscopic surgery affects venous haemodynamics and this effect can be reversed with calf compression devices.     

羟考酮诱导喉罩通气在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中的应用

目的 评价羟考酮在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中行喉罩全麻诱导的有效性、安全性以及对术后恢复质量的影响。方法 收集择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者60例,年龄25~65岁,BMI 18~25 kg/m²,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为舒芬太尼组（S组）和羟考酮组（O组）（每组30例）。S组静脉注射舒芬太尼0.25 μg/kg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg诱导喉罩置入术后行机械通气,O组静脉注射羟考酮0.25 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg诱导喉罩置入术后行机械通气;术中静脉泵注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。记录诱导前（T0）、插喉罩前（T1）、插喉罩后1 min（T2）、气腹（T3）和切胆囊时（T4）的MAP和HR;评估两组患者拔喉罩后5 min（T5）,1 h（T6）,4 h（T7）,8 h（T8）,12 h（T9）的疼痛视觉模拟量表评分（VAS）;记录手术时间、苏醒时间、拔喉罩时间、丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼的用量、术后肛门首次排气时间以及术中对降压药和术后对镇痛药的需求例数。记录两组患者不良反应的发生情况。结果 两组MAP的变化趋势不同（P<0.05）,与T0时比较,S组T1,2时MAP降低（P<0.05）,T3,4时MAP升高（P<0.05）,O组T1,2,3,4时MAP均降低（P<0.05）,与S组比较,T3,4时O组MAP较低（P<0.05）;T1,2,3,4时两组患者HR与T0时比较均降低（P<0.05）,但两组HR变化趋势无差异;两组患者静息和咳嗽时VAS评分的变化趋势均不同（P<0.05）,两种状态下O组VAS评分均低于S组（P<0.05）,并且O组术中降压药、术后镇痛药使用减少（P<0.05）,术后肛门排气时间缩短（P<0.05）;恶心呕吐及呛咳减少（P<0.05）。结论 0.25 mg/kg羟考酮诱导行喉罩通气下腹腔镜胆囊切除手术安全有效,与等效剂量的舒芬太尼相比,有利于术中循环稳定和术后病人的转归。     

Development of gallstone surgery in Germany

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the development and outcome of laparoscopic gallstone surgery in Germany in a nationwide representative survey. Methods: A written questionnaire, which included 111 structured items about diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, number of procedures, complications, and mortality, was sent to 449 randomly selected German surgeons (20% of the registered German general surgeons) annually from 1991 to 1994. Results: A total number of 72,455 operations for gallstone disease was reported. The frequency of laparoscopic cholecystectomies increased from 24.9% in 1991 to 65.3% in 1993. In 1994, 92% of the polled surgeons were using the laparoscopic approach as compared with 10% in 1991. The results demonstrated significantly lower morbidity (6% vs. 9%) and mortality figures (0.14–0.45%) than for the open procedure. The percentage of common bile duct (CBD) injuries was significantly higher for the laparoscopic group than for the open treatment group (0.7% vs. 0.4%). In 1993 the data shows a significant decrease in surgical complications such as bleeding, CBD injuries, and relaparotomy rate for the laparoscopic procedures. No changes were seen in the mortality rate. Conclusions: These results show learning curves that project a positive trend in the overall risk incurred by laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Germany during the past few years. This can be seen as an effect of better training and experience. Obviously, CBD injuries and technical problems especially have passed their peak of incidence. Received: 24 October 1997/Accepted: 28 August 1998     

Safe creation of pneumoperitoneum using an optical trocar

The blind insertion of the Veress needle and the first trocar may cause serious complications. Therefore, many surgeons perform a minilaparotomy to safely position the first trocar. However, especially in obese patients, the dissection may be difficult and time consuming. As an alternative, optical trocars can be safely positioned under direct visualization. We report on our experience with the Optiview trocar in 200 patients and describe our preferred insertion technique. In our opinion, optical trocars are safe and easy to handle, offering several advantages over the use of the Veress needle and the minilaparotomy. Received: 19 February 1998/Accepted: 28 May 1998     

Laparoscopic management of colorectal endometriosis

Background: In the past, intestinal endometriosis diagnosed at laparoscopy has generally required conversion to conventional surgery. The purpose of this study was to describe the laparoscopic management of colorectal endometriosis at a tertiary referral center. Methods: From November 1994 to March 1998, 509 consecutive patients with endometriosis requiring laparoscopic intervention were prospectively evaluated. Those with colorectal involvement were analyzed for stage of disease, procedure, operative time, conversion rate, length of hospitalization, and complications. Results: In 30 of the 509 patients (5.9%), colorectal involvement was identified. Twenty-eight of these 30 had stage IV disease. Intestinal involvement was suspected preoperatively in 13 of 30. Twelve required superficial excision of colon or rectal endometriomas. Protectomy/proctosigmoidectomy was done in seven cases, and rectal disc excision was performed in five patients. Four cases required conversion due to the overall severity of the pelvic disease. For those who did (n= 12) and did not (n= 18) require full-thickness excisions/resections, the median operative time was 180 min (range, 90–390) and 110 min (range, 45–355), respectively; the median length of hospitalization was 4 days (range, 3–7) and 1 day (range, 0–4), respectively. A major complication occurred in one patient (colovaginal fistula). At a median follow-up of 10 months (range 1–32), 28 patients were improved, and 24 of these had near or total resolution of preoperative symptoms. Conclusions: Extensive pelvic endometriosis generally requires rectal disc excision or bowel resection. In our experience, laparoscopic treatment of colorectal endometriosis, even in advanced stages, is safe, feasible, and effective in nearly all patients. Received: 1 April 1998/Accepted: 22 March 1999     

Laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair with spinal anesthesia and nitrous oxide insufflation

Background: Laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernia is traditionally performed under general anesthesia mainly because of the adverse effects that carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum has on awake patients. Since a mandatory use of general anesthesia for all hernia repairs is questionable, the feasibility of laparoscopic extraperitoneal herniorraphy using spinal anesthesia combined with nitrous oxide insufflation was investigated. Methods: Over a 4-month period, February to May 1998, we performed 35 consecutive total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia procedures (24 unilateral, 11 bilateral) using spinal anesthesia and nitrous oxide extraperitoneal gas. Data on operative findings, self-reported operative and postoperative pain and discomfort (visual analog pain scale), procedure-related hemodynamics, and complications were collected prospectively. Results: All 35 procedures were completed laparoscopically without the need to convert to general anesthesia. Mean operative time was 39 ± 7 min for unilateral hernia and 65 ± 10 min for bilateral hernia. Incidental peritoneal tears occurred in 22 patients (63%) resulting in nitrous oxide pneumoperitoneum, which was well tolerated. The patients remained hemodynamically stable throughout the procedure, and operative conditions and visibility were excellent. Complications at a mean of 4 months after the procedure included seven uninfected seromas (20%), three patients with transient testicular pain, and one (3%) recurrence. Conclusions: Laparoscopic total extraperitoneal hernia repair can be safely and comfortably performed using spinal anesthesia with extraperitoneal nitrous oxide insufflation gas. This method provides a good alternative to general anesthesia. Received: 17 February 1999/Accepted: 1 July 1999