非公医院MDT院感管理查房新模式的探讨

目的 探讨多学科协作团队(multidisciplinary team, MDT)院感管理查房模式在医院感染管理中的应用, 旨在提高医院感染管理意识, 有效控制医院感染。方法 在做好医院感染预防控制的基础上,开展院感管理联合查房,比较2018年与2019年实施前后医院感染控制评价指标的变化及管理成效。结果 干预后,医护人员手卫生依从率与正确率、微生物标本采集合格率、抗菌药物使用前病原学送检率明显高于干预前,差异显著,具有统计学差异（P<0.01）;医院感染发生率、手术切口感染率及多重耐药菌感染率、ICU呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）较干预前明显下降,差异显著,具有统计学意义（P<0.01）;ICU的CRBSI与CAUTI感染发生率,较干预前有所下降,具有统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论 以院感科主导的MDT院感管理查房模式,能达到部门协同、专业互补之目的,院感评价指标改善明显,管理成效显。     

Incidence and associated risk factors for invasive fungal infections and other serious infections in patients on ibrutinib

BackgroundIbrutinib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of B cells and other immune effectors and is used in a variety of hematologic malignancies. There have been numerous reports of increased frequency of serious infections including invasive fungal infections (IFI) in patients on ibrutinib.MethodsDemographic and clinical features of all patients receiving ibrutinib at a single tertiary care center were collected from electronic medical records. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to find out the factors associated with infection.ResultsA total of 244 patients received ibrutinib for hematologic malignancies, of which 44 (18.0%) experienced ≥ 1 serious infection including 5 (2.0%) with IFI (1 pulmonary cryptococcosis, 4 pulmonary aspergillosis), 39 (16.0%) with bacterial infections and 8 (3.3%) with viral infections. Ten patients (4.1%) experienced multiple infections or co-infections while on ibrutinib and 10 (4.1%) expired or were transferred to hospice as a result of infection. In multivariate analysis risk factors that were less common in uninfected versus infected patients included advanced age (73 years vs. 77 years), Eastern Cooperative Oncologic Grade (ECOG) performance score ≥ 2 (6.5% vs. 31.8%) and concurrent use of steroids (4.5% vs. 20.5%) or other cytotoxic agents (0% vs. 4.6%).ConclusionsThere was a high rate of serious infection but relatively few IFI in patients receiving ibrutinib. Most patients who developed serious infections while on ibrutinib had additional predisposing risk factors including concurrent use of steroids or other cytotoxic agents, advanced age and frailty.     

传染病背后的科学——从“N个第一”的诞生到传染病的防治

现今世界上发达国家的人均寿命已经超过80岁,然而19世纪以前,人类的平均寿命仅有30~40岁,传染性疾病是当时占据首位的死亡原因。一个多世纪以来,人类寿命和健康水平的提高,得益于疫苗和药物的诞生,而在发现和发明这些具有里程碑式的“灵丹妙药”背后,是一场科学的革命。本文对从巴斯德革命性科学“微小生命体理论”的提出,到“细菌致病理论”的建立,到由此诞生的N个控制传染病的“灵丹妙药”发现和发明,进行了比较全面的文献梳理和阐述。旨在让读者在“身临其境”的COVID-19传染病大流行期间,能够重温一下在抗击“瘟疫”的历史长河中诞生的革命性的科学和伟大的科学家,并致敬各行各业为抗击疫情而努力的人们。     

Snake bite induced cellulitis leading to infected open dislocation of the first metacarpophalangeal joint – A rare complication

Non-traumatic open dislocation of the first metacarpophalangeal joint is a rare phenomenon. We present a rare such occurrence secondary to snake bite induced cellulitis. A 22-year-old girl presented with pain and instability of her right thumb two months. She had snake bite two months back following which she developed cellulitis which gradually became infected. She presented with raw area over her dorsal aspect of the thumb with active infection. Radiographs revealed metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation. She underwent debridement, stabilisation and soft tissue coverage. At final follow up, she was pain free and the wound healed completely.     

不同吸痰方式对颅脑损伤患者肺功能及肺感染的影响

目的分析不同吸痰方式对于颅脑损伤患者肺功能及肺感染的影响。方法 2012-10-2013-03于我院住院治疗的重型颅脑损伤患者63例,随机分为联合吸痰组(32例)和常规吸痰组(31例),分析联合吸痰组和常规吸痰组心率、呼吸次数、日吸痰量、痰黏稠度、不同时间氧分压、二氧化碳分压、PaO2/FiO2、黏膜出血发生率及肺部感染发生率。结果联合吸痰组和常规吸痰组心率及呼吸次数差别无统计学意义(P0.05);联合吸痰组的日吸痰量为(85.71±4.13)mL,常规吸痰组的日吸痰量为(62.26±6.97)mL,联合吸痰组的日吸痰量显著高于常规吸痰组(P0.05);联合吸痰组的痰液黏稠度显著低于常规吸痰组(P0.05);联合吸痰组第1、3、7天的氧分压、PaO2/FiO2均显著高于常规吸痰组(P0.05),二氧化碳分压显著低于常规吸痰组(P0.05);联合吸痰组的黏膜出血发生率及肺部感染发生率显著低于常规吸痰组(P0.05)。结论支气管镜灌洗联合浅部吸痰能够改善颅脑损伤患者的通气、换气功能,减少气道黏膜损伤,控制肺部感染,护理工作离不开临床医师配合,支气管镜灌洗联合浅部吸痰用于颅脑损伤患者是新型护理与临床结合的模式。     

关节镜清理结合灌注冲洗治疗前交叉韧带重建术后关节感染

目的:探讨膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后关节感染的治疗策略。方法:2005年3月至2014年2月关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术后关节感染6例,均为男性,年龄18～36岁。患者术后出现膝关节疼痛肿胀,血沉和C-反应蛋白升高,细菌培养均为表皮样葡萄球菌。采用关节镜清理和置管灌注冲洗。按照Lysholm膝关节评分系统和膝关节活动度对患者进行评价。结果:所有患者的感染均被控制,血沉和C反应蛋白恢复正常,Lysholm膝关节评分85～95分,膝关节活动度120°～135°。结论:前交叉韧带重建术后关节感染,早期采用关节镜清理和置管灌注冲洗获得满意疗效。     

急性坏死性胰腺炎合并感染的病原菌及耐药性分析

目的：研究急性坏死性胰腺炎（ANP）合并感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,并探讨其对ANP患者预后的影响。 方法：回顾性分析2010年10月—2014年10月收治的72例有明确病原学依据的ANP合并感染患者的临床资料。 结果： 72例ANP患者中,腹腔及腹膜后感染47例（65.28%）,呼吸道感染37例（51.39%）,血流感染32例（44.44%）,其中血流感染与患者死亡密切相关（P<0.05）。检出病原菌235株,其中革兰阴性细菌159株（67.66%）,革兰阳性细菌60株（25.53%）,真菌16株（6.81%）。获得的病原菌中排名前6位的依次是：鲍曼不动杆菌（24.68%）,铜绿假单胞菌（8.94%）,肺炎克雷伯菌（8.09%）,屎肠球菌/粪肠球菌（8.09%）,大肠埃希菌（7.66%）,金黄色葡萄球菌（4.68%）。耐药性分析显示,鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别达95.92%和52.63%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为59.26%和50.00%。肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率分别为64.29%和80.00%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为31.58%和18.75%,而对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为23.08%和7.14%。19株屎肠球菌/粪肠球菌中仅1株对万古霉素耐药,对利奈唑烷尚未发现耐药菌株。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为72.73%,对万古霉素、利奈唑烷和呋喃妥因尚未发现耐药菌株。16株真菌对常用抗真菌药物均未发现耐药菌株。 结论：血流感染是ANP患者死亡的重要原因。ANP患者的病原菌仍以革兰阴性菌为主,但革兰阳性菌和真菌的比例不容忽视。多重耐药菌已成为ANP合并感染的巨大的挑战。     

Risk of urinary tract infection in infants and children with acute bronchiolitis

OBJECTIVES:

To estimate the prevalence of urinary tract infection in infants and children with bronchiolitis.

METHODS:

A retrospective cross-sectional study involving patients zero to 24 months of age who were hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis was conducted.

RESULTS:

A total of 835 paediatric patients with acute bronchiolitis were admitted to the paediatric ward between January 2010 and December 2012. The mean (± SD) age at diagnosis was 3.47±2.99 months. There were 325 (39%) girls and 510 (61%) boys. For the purpose of data analysis, the patient population was divided into three groups: group 1 included children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis; group 2 included children hospitalized with clinical bronchiolitis with no virus detected; and group 3 included children hospitalized with clinical bronchiolitis due to a respiratory virus other than RSV. Results revealed that urinary tract infection was present in 10% of patients, and was most common in group 3 (13.4%) followed by group 2 (9.7%), and was least common in group 1 (6%) (P=0.030).

CONCLUSIONS:

The possibility of a urinary tract infection should be considered in a febrile child with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis, particularly if the trigger is a respiratory virus other than RSV.