儿童呼吸道卡他莫拉菌感染的防治

目的探讨卡他莫拉菌感染的初步防治.方法对2001年11月～2003年3月间,在金昌市区3家医院门诊及住院的6岁以下儿童,有呼吸道感染症状者,采集咽部分泌物及痰进行培养,观察并总结其呼吸道卡他莫拉菌感染的情况及临床特点.结果从呼吸道感染病人标本中培养出420株菌.其中,卡他莫拉菌128例,占30.5%,位于第1位,此菌感染多见于体质差的3岁以下儿童,以下呼吸道感染为多见,旦临床表现重,普遍对β-内酰胺类药物耐药.结论积极防治儿童营养性疾病,合理应用抗生素,对3岁以内儿童呼吸系统感染,临床表现重的应及时采集咽部分泌物及痰进行培养,一旦培养出卡他莫拉菌,就应选特效的β-内酰胺酶稳定剂药物治疗.     

系统性红斑狼疮并发感染的流行病学研究

目的了解系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者并发感染的流行病学特征。方法前瞻性队列随访研究SLE患者门诊、住院及其随访，观察、记录并统计分析SLE患者的临床和实验室资料。结果371例SLE患者随访观察1年，211例患者(56．8％)发生341次感染(医院感染105次)，其中99例患者发作≥2次感染，79例患者(37．4％)发生≥2种病原体的混合感染；检出细菌感染191次(56．0％)，难治性条件致病菌明显增多，病毒感染102次(29．9％)，真菌感染42次(12．3％)，寄生虫类6次(1．8％)；呼吸道及皮肤粘膜是本组SLE患者最常见感染部位；感染组较非感染组，平均住院日、SLEDAI、白细胞／淋巴细胞减少、尿蛋白水平、补体C3水平和1年死亡率差异显著；单因素Logistic回归分析显示SLEDAI＞9、尿蛋白定量＞2．0g／24h、MP冲击累积量＞1．5g／疗程、CTX冲击量＞1．5／月和平均激素日剂量＞0．5mg／kg与SLE患者并发感染有明显相关性；多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示，只有尿蛋白定量＞2．0g／24h、MP冲击累积量＞1．5g／疗程、CTX冲击量＞1．5／月和平均激素日剂量＞0．5mg／kg是SLE患者并发感染独立危险因素。结论SLE患者并发感染的致病菌主要为细菌感染，狼疮肾损害程度和免疫抑制治疗是引起SLE患者感染的独立危险因素。     

Infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Mitigating risk in the era of targeted therapies

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common leukaemia with infections a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Recently there has been a paradigm shift from the use of chemo-immunotherapies to agents targeting specific B-lymphocyte pathways. These agents include ibrutinib, idelalisib and venetoclax. In this review, the risks and timing of infections associated with these agents are described, taking into account disease and treatment status. Treatment with ibrutinib as monotherapy or in combination with chemo-immunotherapies is not associated with additional risk for infection. In contrast, the use of idelalisib is associated with a 2-fold risk for severe infection and opportunistic infections. Venetoclax does not appear to be associated with additional infection risk. The evolving spectrum of pathogens responsible infections in CLL patients, especially those with relapsed and refractory disease are described, and prevention strategies (prophylaxis, monitoring and vaccination) are proposed.     

Prevention and management of cochlear implant infections

Abstract

Understanding the issues of infection related to an implantable medical device is crucial to all cochlear implant teams. Furthermore, given the risk of central nervous system complications and the relatively high quantity of underlying resource investment associated with cochlear implantation, the stakes of infection are high. The optimal strategies to prevent and manage such infections are still evolving as good-quality prospective data to guide such management decisions are not yet abundant within the medical literature and many recommendations are based on retrospective reviews or anecdotal evidence. We will outline a general strategy to deal with cochlear implant-related infection based on both the authors' experience and the published literature.     

The proteome of the human parotid gland secretion in elderly with and without root caries

For decades, investigations have identified local and systemic humoral immune responses to microorganisms comprising the supra- and subgingival biofilms in the oral cavity. Inflammation and tissue destruction in the periodontium are accompanied by alterations in the quantity, quality, and specificity of antibody. The conundrum in this scenario is the existence of a substantial plasma cell infiltrate at sites of periodontal lesions and a seemingly robust antibody response in the oral cavity and the serum, apparently coincident with progressing disease. Consequently, much effort has been expended to elucidate the critical characteristics of protective humoral responses and to develop strategies for enhancing these unique features. We and others have conducted studies attempting to distinguish disease susceptibility associated with: i) variations in response levels-significantly increased to some species with disease, minimal response to others; ii) functional comparisons of antibody-subclass differences, genetic regulation, and maturation of responses; iii) microbial and antigenic specificity of the antibody-focus on specific pathogens and identification of selected antigens as targets for immunoprotection; and, iv) kinetics of responses during disease and therapeutic interventions-linking immune changes with infection and as a measure of treatment success. This report summarizes varied research designs and results, to provide a profile of antibody in health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. These profiles may be used to provide a framework focusing on the humoral response to commensal microorganisms and likely pathogens, as they emerge in the biofilm-etiologic for or in response to disease processes. Models for antibody as a diagnostic adjunct and for predicting protective antibody responses are suggested. These concepts are likely relevant for considering vaccine approaches to periodontitis.     

佛山市禅城区中小学生肺结核感染和患病现况

目的了解佛山市禅城区中小学生结核菌感染和肺结核患病现况,为主管部门提供学校结核病防治工作决策依据。方法整群抽取佛山市禅城区中小学新生19 685名进行PPD试验,检查结果采用SPSS 16.0统计分析。结果佛山市中小学生PPD总体阳性率为52.0%,强阳性率3.6%,发现5例活动性肺结核病人,患病率为28.76/105。初中学生PPD阳性4 737例(51.5%),强阳性307例(3.3%);小学生阳性3 689例(45.1%),强阳性311例(3.8%);初中生阳性率低于小学生(χ2=70.36,P<0.01)。受检男生中,阳性4459例(46.1%),强阳性255例(2.6%);女生中,阳性3 967例(51.4%),强阳性363例(4.7%),女生阳性率高于男生(χ2=124.39,P<0.01)。有肺结核患者的学校PPD阳性和强阳性检出率高于无肺结核患者的学校(χ2=31.76,P<0.01),患者所在班级PPD总体阳性率高于无患者的班级(χ2=9.28,P=0.01)。结论佛山市中小学学生结核菌感染率和活动性肺结核患病率较高,初中生、女生易感,患者所在班级和学校结核菌感染率较高。因此,要针对重点人群,加强佛山市中小学生结核病防治工作。     

老年糖尿病患者的营养状态与感染的关系

目的探讨老年糖尿病患者的营养状态与感染的关系。方法选取2008年3月到2011年11月确诊的100例老年糖尿病患者作为研究对象,按是否合并感染分为观察组和对照组,对所有老年糖尿病患者按微量营养评估表(MNA)进行评分,同时检测血清前白蛋白(PA)、白蛋白(Alb)、甘油三脂(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总淋巴细胞计数(TLC),并测量体质指数(BMI)、三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂肌围。结果与对照组相比,观察组患者MNA评分、PA、Alb、TLC、上臂肌围明显降低(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论老年性糖尿病患者由于营养状态欠佳易合并感染,应加强体育锻炼和营养支持治疗,以减少感染的发生。     

Medical Ultrasound Disinfection and Hygiene Practices: WFUMB Global Survey Results

As ultrasound technology rapidly evolves and is used more frequently in every area of medical diagnosis and treatment, it may be overlooked as a potential vector in the transmission of a health care-associated infection. A survey on disinfection and hygiene practice in medical ultrasound was disseminated via the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) to its six member federations and associated ultrasound societies globally. One thousand twenty-nine responses were obtained across a broad range of ultrasound practitioners. A total of 76% of respondents used transducer covers every time to scan open wounds and 71% when blood and bodily fluids were present or for an interventional procedure. Approved high-level disinfectants are not always used, even when blood comes into contact with the transducer or after endocavity scans. Alcohol-based wipes were used by many respondents to clean both external transducers and endocavity transducers. Open-ended responses indicated that a large caseload hindered the time required for cleaning and that access to clear guidelines would be beneficial. Global survey results indicate that some users do not comply with disinfection practice, and there is a gap in knowledge on basic infection prevention and control education within the ultrasound unit. As the infectious status of a patient is not often disclosed prior to an ultrasound examination, training in suitable protocols for the cleaning and disinfection of ultrasound equipment is imperative to mitigate the risk of potential infection.     

心血管内科患者感染的危险因素及预防对策

目的 探讨心血管内科患者感染的危险因素及预防,为临床诊治提供参考.方法 对2009年5月—2012年8月医院收治的132例心血管内科感染患者临床治疗和医院感染情况进行回顾性分析.结果 心血管内科患者的感染率为7.33％,感染部位以呼吸道为主,占66.66％,其次为泌尿系统和胃肠道,分别占13.63％和12.12％；在并发症、心功能、患者住院时间、有无侵入性操作、是否使用过预防性的抗菌药物、是否使用过抑酸药物方面,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 应针对心血管内科患者的感染危险因素,合理应用抗菌药物、尽量减少侵入性操作、缩短患者住院时间、改善患者的基础情况,以降低感染率.