支气管扩张感染加重的病原学及药敏分析

目的：为了解本地区支扩感染加重需住院患者的病原学及药敏情况,指导临床治疗。方法：用纤支镜取深部痰作培养和药敏以及血清ＩｇＧ测定。结果：７４例深部痰培养６０例阳性,阳性率为８１．１％,最常见的病原菌为假单孢菌属; ７２例患者有 ５３例 ＩｇＧ降低,平均值为 ６． ５±１． ２ｇ／Ｌ。结果：患者免疫功能低下和革兰氏阴性杆菌特别是铜绿假单抱杆菌感染是引起支扩感染加重住院的主要因素。在抗菌药物应用时宜选用对假单孢菌有效的药物。     

健康教育行为干预对降低小学生肠道寄生虫感染率的研究

为研究健康教育行为干预对降低小学生肠道寄生虫感染率的效果,探讨小学生肠道寄生虫病的防治方法,在苍山县随机选取860名小学生进行为期2年的研究.单纯健康教育行为干预组、行为干预加驱虫组、单纯驱虫组及对照组,肠道寄生虫感染率实验前分别为64.13%、61.23%、63.12%和60.70%,实验后分别为41.67%、26.52%、53.57%和60.61%.结果表明:健康教育行为干预对降低小学生肠道寄生虫感染率具有重要作用;健康教育行为干预加针对性驱虫是控制小学生肠道寄生虫感染的最佳模式.     

Different behaviour of radioiodinated human recombinant interleukin-1 and its receptor antagonist in an animal model of infection

Recently, we demonstrated that radiolabelled interleukin-l (IL-1) specifically accumulates in focal infection in mice through interaction with its receptor. Unfortunately, systemic side-effects of IL-1 limit its clinical application. We investigated whether this problem could be circumvented by using the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-Ira), an equally sized protein that binds to the same receptors as IL-1 without induction of biological effects. Biodistribution of¹²⁵I-IL-1 and¹²⁵I-IL-Ira was determined in Swiss mice withStaphylococcus aureus-induced abscesses in the left calf muscle at 4, 12, 24 and 48 h after injection of either 0.4 MBq¹²⁵I-IL1 or 0.4 MBq¹²⁵I-IL-Ira. In vitro, the proteins displayed similar binding characteristics. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed a tendency for IL-Ira to associate with serum proteins. Both proteins rapidly cleared from most organs. However, the abscess uptake of¹²⁵I-IL-Ira was significantly lower than that of¹²⁵I-IL-1 at all time points (48 h p.i.: 0.06±0.01%ID/g vs 0.60±0.04%ID/g;P<0.02). The abscess-to-contralateral muscle ratios did not exceed 15.5±2.9 for¹²⁵I-IL-lra, while the ratios for¹²⁵I-IL-1 reached 46.9±5.7 at 48 h p.i. Despite similar in vitro receptor binding, the abscess uptake of IL-Ira was much lower than that of IL-1. The interaction of IL-Ira with serum proteins in vivo may reduce its availability for receptor binding in the infection. Although on theoretical grounds IL-Ira is very interesting, these characteristics will prevent its development as a clinically useful radiopharmaceutical to image infection.     

Double β-lactam regimen compared to an aminoglycoside/β-lactam regimen as empiric antibiotic therapy for febrile granulocytopenic cancer patients

In a prospective, randomized trial, 205 febrile episodes in granulocytopenic cancer patients were treated with ceftazidime with or without tobramycin (C±T), both agents being administered only if the initial granulocyte count was below 200/l, or ceftazidime plus piperacillin (C+P). The overall response rate was 71% (39 of 60 for C±T and 45 of 58 for C+P). Logistic regression analyses documented no evidence of a significant difference between the two regimens in overall treatment effect after accounting for the linear effects of potentially important variables, such as infection type and granulocyte count. Although the response rates for the subgroup of patients with bacteremias was better with the C+P regimen (P=0.06), there was no difference in response for patients with bacteremia and profound (<100/gml) sustained granulocytopenia. The double -lactam combination demonstrated in vitro synergism in 73%; antagonism was not seen. Both regimens produced execllent serum bactericidal levels (C±T geometric mean peak 1:170; C+P peak 1:137) against gram-negative but not gram-positive pathogens (1:4; 1:7 respectively) that had caused bacteremia. Emergence of resistance and significant coagulopathy and/or bleeding did not occur during therapy. Antibiotic-related nephrotoxicity was noted in 7 of 95 trials in the C+P and in 6 of 89 trials in the C±T group (P=0.19). The incidence of secondary infections in patients with profound (<100/l) sustained granulocytopenia was lower in the C±T group (P=0.04). Alimentary canal anaerobic flora preservation with C±T, and suppression with C+P, was demonstrated. These results suggest that these regimens are of similar effectiveness and neigher is associated with major toxicity.     

295例外科感染患者抗菌药物应用调查分析

目的：探讨医院外科感染病例抗菌药物应用情况.方法：对抗菌药物使用的种类、用药频度、联用、致病菌分离菌株的耐药情况等进行统计分析.结果：阿米卡星、氧氟沙星、甲硝唑、庆大霉素、青霉素、头孢噻肟、环丙沙星、头孢唑林、诺氟沙星、替硝唑的使用频度位居前10位；不合理用药类型主要有选药不当、给药时间不当等.结论：合理应用抗菌药物有利于整体医疗水平的提高,减少耐药菌株的产生.     

婴儿肺炎肺炎衣原体感染的血清免疫荧光法诊断及临床分析

目的　探讨肺炎衣原体 (Cpn)在婴儿肺炎中的感染情况。 方法　对符合肺炎诊断标准的 1岁以内患儿 2 6 9例 ,使用荧光免疫方法检测Cpn抗体 ,并进行统计学分析。 结果　 2 6 9例肺炎患儿中 ,急性Cpn感染的感染率为 15 2 % ,既往感染的感染率为 2 4 5 % ,。 1999年检测 134例中 ,Cpn急性感染为 4 5 % ,既往感染为2 5 4% ;2 0 0 0年检测 135例中 ,Cpn急性感染为 2 5 9% ,既往感染为 2 3 7%。两年度比较 ,Cpn既往感染率接近(P >0 0 5 ) ,而Cpn急性感染率差异有非常显著意义 (P <0 0 1) ,2 0 0 0年急性感染率比 1999年明显增高。结论　Cpn是婴儿肺炎的重要病原之一 ,且具有流行性。     

传染性肺结核患者家庭中儿童结核感染发病及预防的研究

目的　分析传染性肺结核患者家庭中的儿童结核感染和发病情况 ,探讨预防儿童发病的有效方案。方法　对与传染性肺结核患者密切接触的儿童进行X线胸透和做结核菌素试验 ;对结核菌素强阳性者给予预防性治疗。结果　与传染性肺结核患者密切接触的儿童感染率为 88 2 %。规则预防治疗组、不规则预防治疗组和不接受预防治疗组的患病率分别为 :8 3%、4 7 6 %、5 8 8%。结论　与传染性肺结核患者密切接触的儿童属于高危人群 ,给予预防性治疗可减少发病。     

Infection control and paediatric tuberculosis: A practical guide for the practicing paediatrician

Tuberculosis (TB) in children requires close attention to infection control to prevent transmission to other patients and health care workers. Although many children with TB are not infectious, appropriate airborne precautions must be maintained until conditions that increase the risk of transmission have been ruled out and accompanying adults, who may also be infectious, have been screened. Concurrent strategies to prevent TB transmission should be implemented, including administrative, engineering and personal protective measures. The most important measure is maintaining a high clinical index of suspicion for TB in patients with compatible symptoms and epidemiological risk factors. Comprehensive tuberculin skin test programmes and the use of N 95 masks can reduce the risk of transmission within health care settings. Current standards of practice should be followed to prevent transmission from patients with active TB disease.     

99Tcm-HMPAO-WBC显像对女性可疑腹部感染性疾病的诊断应用

目的 评价炎症显像剂^99Tc^m-HMPAO-WBC对女性可疑腹部感染性疾病的诊断价值。方法 对ll例怀疑有腹部感染的女性惠者行^99Tc^m-HMPAO-WBC显像，显像时间为注入显像后120min、180min。结果 ll例患者7例阳性，4例阴性。对比手术、内镜检查以及6个月随访结果，假阳性1例，无假阴性。^99Tc^m-HMPAO-WBC显像对女性可疑腹部感染性疾病的敏感性、特异性和准确率分别为100％、80％和90．9％。结论^99Tc^m-HMPAO-WBC显像是一种敏感、准确的早期诊断和鉴别女性可疑腹部感染性疾病的方法。     

普胸手术预防性应用头孢呋辛随机对照研究

目的　评价预防性使用单剂头孢呋辛对普通胸外科手术后感染的预防效果。方法　通过随机对照试验 ,将 2 6 4例普胸手术患者随机分成单剂组 (n=134)和多剂组 (n=130 ) ,比较两组的术后感染率、平均住院时间和平均住院费用。结果　单剂组的术后感染率 (8.96 %)与多剂组的术后感染率 (7.6 9%)不具有显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,两组的住院时间也无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。但是单剂组的平均住院费用比多剂组少1345 .90元 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　单剂头孢呋辛是预防普胸手术后感染有效的抗生素方案。