Guidelines for the diagnosis,treatment, prevention and control of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli

The dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (CRGNB) is a global public health issue. CRGNB isolates are usually extensively drug-resistant or pandrug-resistant, resulting in limited antimicrobial treatment options and high mortality. A multidisciplinary guideline development group covering clinical infectious diseases, clinical microbiology, clinical pharmacology, infection control, and guideline methodology experts jointly developed the present clinical practice guidelines based on best available scientific evidence to address the clinical issues regarding laboratory testing, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention of CRGNB infections. This guideline focuses on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriales (CRE), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA). Sixteen clinical questions were proposed from the perspective of current clinical practice and translated into research questions using PICO (population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes) format to collect and synthesize relevant evidence to inform corresponding recommendations. The grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to evaluate the quality of evidence, benefit and risk profile of corresponding interventions and formulate recommendations or suggestions. Evidence extracted from systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was considered preferentially for treatment-related clinical questions. Observational studies, non-controlled studies, and expert opinions were considered as supplementary evidence in the absence of RCTs. The strength of recommendations was classified as strong or conditional (weak). The evidence informing recommendations derives from studies worldwide, while the implementation suggestions combined the Chinese experience. The target audience of this guideline is clinician and related professionals involved in management of infectious diseases.     

Predictive Value of Immune Cell Functional Assay for Non-Cytomegalovirus Infection in Lung Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study

IntroductionImmune cell functional assay (ImmuKnow®) is a non-invasive method that measures the state of cellular immunity in immunosuppressed patients. We studied the prognostic value of the assay for predicting non-cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in lung transplant recipients.MethodsA multicenter prospective observational study of 92 patients followed up from 6 to 12 months after transplantation was performed. Immune cell functional assay was carried out at 6, 8, 10, and 12 months.ResultsTwenty-three patients (25%) developed 29 non-CMV infections between 6 and 12 months post-transplant. At 6 months, the immune response was moderate (ATP 225–525 ng/mL) in 14 (15.2%) patients and low (ATP < 225 ng/mL) in 78 (84.8%); no patients had a strong response (ATP ≥ 525 ng/mL). Only 1 of 14 (7.1%) patients with a moderate response developed non-CMV infection in the following 6 months compared with 22 of 78 (28.2%) patients with low response, indicating sensitivity of 95.7%, specificity of 18.8%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 28.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 92.9% (AUC 0.64; p = 0.043). Similar acute rejection rates were recorded in patients with mean ATP ≥ 225 vs. <225 ng/mL during the study period (7.1% vs. 9.1%, p = 0.81).ConclusionAlthough ImmuKnow® does not seem useful to predict non-CMV infection, it could identify patients with a very low risk and help us define a target for an optimal immunosuppression.     

Two‐Stage Revision Hip Arthroplasty with or without the Use of an Interim Spacer for Managing Late Prosthetic Infection: A Systematic Review of the Literature

The aim of the present paper was to identify, appraise, and synthesize the available evidence on two‐stage revision hip arthroplasty with or without the use of an interim spacer for managing late prosthetic infection. The review methodology was designed by referencing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) checklist and flow diagram, and a Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design framework was used to search for studies to incorporate within the review. Two independent investigators were involved in searching for relevant articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the study. Critical appraisal of the selected articles was carried out using the relevant Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists. From an initial pool of 125 articles, four studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and quality assessment and were included for final review. Two patient groups were identified from within the selected studies: spacer and non‐spacer. Both groups were assessed in terms of functional outcome, infection cure rates, and technical difficulties encountered during treatment. Better functional outcome was reported in the spacer group, both in the interim period between the two stages and after completion of treatment. The use of spacers reduced operative difficulty during the second stage and accelerated patient discharge. Reinfection and infection persistence rates were higher in the non‐spacer group. Within the spacer group, articulated spacers performed better in all parameters. The results of this review reinforce the available evidence supporting the use of interim hip spacers in revision hip arthroplasty for managing prosthetic infection and also indicate that articulated hip spacers could be an attractive option going forward.     

Successful salvage of an infected breast prothesis by changing from continuous to intermittent suction under continuous irrigation

IntroductionImplant-based breast reconstruction is a widely performed procedure. However, prostheses are susceptible to infection and there are currently no established guidelines on treatment. In the present case, a prosthesis was salvaged by changing from continuous irrigation and suction to continuous irrigation and intermittent suction. This case report has been reported in line with the SCARE criteria [1].Presentation of caseA 50-year-old female patient underwent implant-based breast reconstruction following surgery for breast cancer. One month later, the left breast prosthesis was infected with abscesses. Surgical treatment and continuous irrigation were performed as postoperative therapy. However, recurrent infection was detected a few days after surgery. Continuous irrigation was changed to continuous irrigation with intermittent aspiration, which successfully controlled the infection.DiscussionFactors that limit the effectiveness of continuous irrigation and aspiration have not yet been identified. Inflow/discharge shunt routes may be established in continuous aspiration, and, thus, sufficient cleaning may not be possible. On the other hand, the storage of water throughout the wound in intermittent aspiration may facilitate cleaning.ConclusionIntermittent suction worked well in this patient and, thus, warrants further study.     

男男性行为人群肛门人乳头瘤病毒16型和18型新发感染和自然清除的队列研究

目的 了解乌鲁木齐市MSM肛门HPV16型和18型的感染和自然清除情况。方法 采用动态队列研究的方法,按照队列研究样本量计算公式以HPV16型新发感染率估计样本量为712人。依托乌鲁木齐市MSM社会组织用滚雪球方式招募MSM 810名,每6个月随访1次。采集肛门脱落细胞分析HPV16型和18型感染率,利用Poission回归估计新发感染密度和持续感染密度,采用Cox比例风险模型探寻新发感染、持续感染和感染自然清除的影响因素。结果 招募MSM 810名,将随访次数≥2次的482名MSM纳入分析,随访994.7人年,随访次数和随访时间的M（P₂₅,P₇₅）分别为4（3,5）次和2.2（1.8,2.6）年。HPV16型和18型的基线感染率分别为8.5%（41/482）和3.3%（16/482）,两型基线混合感染率为0.6%（3/482）。HPV16型和18型的首次新发感染密度分别为10.06（95%CI：8.12~12.45）/100人年和5.24（95%CI：3.95~6.96）/100人年;HPV16型和18型感染自然清除率分别为71.2%（89/125）和71.8%（46/64）,HPV18型随访1.5年的感染自然清除率高于HPV16型（97.7%比94.1%）。HPV16型和18型的持续感染率分别为4.5%（20/441）和1.7%（8/466）。无婚史者比有婚史者的HPV16型持续感染风险低（aHR=0.29,95%CI：0.12~0.71）。最近6个月肛交未使用安全套者HPV18型自然清除率是使用安全套者2.63倍（95%CI：1.08~6.42）。结论 乌鲁木齐市MSM HPV16和18型新发感染较常见,自然清除率均较高。相比于HPV18型,HPV16型有更高的新发感染率和持续感染率,自然清除率低,致病风险较大。     

Long-term survivors following autologous haematopoetic stem cell transplantation have significant defects in their humoral immunity against vaccine preventable diseases,years on from transplant

Current international guidelines recommend routinely vaccinating haematopoetic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Despite significant infection-related mortality following autologous HSCT, routine vaccination programmes (RVP) completion is poor. For recovered HSCT recipients, it is uncertain whether catch-up vaccination remains worthwhile years later.To determine potential susceptibility to vaccine preventable infections, we measured antibody titres in 56 patients, a median of 7 years (range 0–29) following autologous HSCT, who had not completed RVP. We found that almost all participants had inadequate titres against diphtheria (98.2%) and pneumococcal infection (100%), and a significant proportion had inadequate titres against measles (34.5%). Of those subsequently vaccinated according to available guidelines, many mounted adequate serological responses.These data suggest a pragmatic catch-up approach for autologous HSCT recipients who have not completed RVP is advisable, with universal vaccination against some pathogens (e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae and diphtheria) and serologically-guided approaches for others (e.g. measles and varicella zoster virus).     

高山红景天多糖对小鼠抗柯萨奇B5病毒感染能力的研究

对感染柯萨奇Ｂ５病毒（ＣＶＢ）小鼠模型研究结果表明，高山红景天多糖对发病小鼠心肌功能改善和免疫功能提高均具有明显的促进作用。增强了小鼠抗ＣＶＢ５感染的能力，并对由ＣＢＶ感染性疾病也有一定的防治作用。     

Klinische und funktionelle Ergebnisse der abdominalen Rektopexie unter Verwendung verschiedener Fixierungsgrundlagen

Zusammenfassung 63 Patienten wurden wegen eines Rektumprolaps durch eine abdominale Rektopexie (Operationsverfahren nach Ripstein-Corman) therapiert. Als Rektopexienahtlagermaterial wurden lyophylisierte Dura-Streifen, ein Vicryl-Netz oder ein Dexon-Netz verwendet. 71,4% (n = 45 von 63) des Kollektivs konnten nachuntersucht wurden, der Nachbeobachtungszeitraum betrug im Mittel 52,5 Monate. Die postoperative verfahrensbedingte Mortalität betrug 0%, im 30-Tage-Intervall nur 1,6% wegen kardialer Komplikationen. Intraoperative Komplikationen traten in 4,7% der Fälle auf. Die postoperative Morbiditätsrate betrug 25,4% (n = 16 von 63), infektbedingte Komplikationen wurden in 12.7% (n = 8 von 63) der Fälle beschrieben, davon 1 Fall mit einer spontan ausgeheilten pelvikutanen Fistel. Ein Rektumprolapsrezidiv zeigte sich in 4,4% (n = 2 von 45) der Fälle (nur Dura-Rektopexie), ein Schleimhautprolaps trat bei 15,5% (n = 7 von 45) der Fälle auf. Postoperativ reduzierten sich Obstipationsbeschwerden um 28,6% (n = 18 von 63) auf 22,2%. Bei Patienten mit einer präoperativen Inkontinenz wurde eine Verbesserung in 60,7% (n = 17 von 28) der Fälle erreicht, 35,7% (n = 10 von 28) waren vollständig kontinent. Die Steigerung der Kontinenzgrade durch eine abdominale Rektopexie ist statistisch signifikant (Wilcoxon-Test, p = 0,05). Die Einflußgrößen hohes Lebensalter, Prolapsanamnesedauer, Geburtenzahl und präoperative Inkontinenzdauer

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Clinical and functional results after abdominal rectopexy: a comparison of dura strips. Vicryl and Dexon gauze as fixation material and suture placement (Ripstein-Corman procedure)

We report our results with abdominal rectopexy (modified Ripstein procedure, Ripstein/Corman) without resection of the colon in 63 patients using lyophylized dura-strips, Vicryl gauze or Dexon gauze, as the underlying fixation material for the mobilized rectum, presacral fascia and fixation suture material. Forty-five of 64 patients (71.4%) were reevaluated by proctoscopic examination and questioning; the mean follow-up time was 52.5 months (range 3–136 months). Postoperative mortality due to the method was 0%; the mortality was 1.6% (n = 1/63) in general for the first postoperative 30-day period as a result of cardiac complications. There were three complications (4.7%) the durating operation. Postoperative morbidity was 25.4% (16/63); infectious complications occurred in 12.7% (8/63) of cases, with one case of spontaneous closure of a pelvicutaneous fistula after intraoperative injury to the rectal wall. Full-thickness rectal prolapse appeared after rectopexy in 4.4% (2/45) (dura material alone) and mucosal prolapse was seen in 15.5% (7/45) of the follow-up group. Constipation was reduced by 28.6% (18/63) to 22.2% during the follow-up. Seventeen of 28 patients (60.7 %) with incontinence showed an improvement; total continence was registered in 35.7% (10/28). The increase in continence as a result of abdominal rectopexy was significant (Wilcoxon, P = 0.05). The special aspects of being in an older age group, having a long history of procidentia, the number of deliveries, the length of the preoperative incontinence period all showed no influence on the postoperative degree of continence (Spearman's rank correlation). In 7/15 cases with persisting incontinence after rectopexy, postanal repair (Parks) was efficient in 7/7 cases leading to total or partial continence. Abdominal rectopexy with the Ripstein-Corman procedure is generally recommended for the treatment of procidentia. Absorbable material for the Ripstein sling is preferred because of the low prolapse recurrency rate and the low infection rate; the absorbability of Vicryl or Dexon gauze might be of advantage in cases of pelvic sepsis after rectopexy, as removal of the gauze is not necessary. Resection of the colon as a treatment for severe constipation is not generally recommended.

     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者床旁血液净化治疗的感染防控

目的 探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)患者隔离病区床旁血液净化治疗的感染防控策略,评价感染防控的效果。方法 通过回顾性分析2020年2月8日至2020年3月31日期间在武汉华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院中法新城院区COVID-19隔离病区床旁血液净化治疗患者的临床特征、感染情况和转归,总结所采取的感染防控措施,分析医护人员和患者COVID-19交叉感染情况以及患者之间血源性病原体交叉感染的情况,评估各项感染防控措施在控制交叉感染发生和传播中的作用。结果 研究期间该隔离病区累计收治101例COVID-19患者,其中10例(占9.90%)开展床旁血液净化治疗,采取的血液净化治疗方式均为连续性血液透析滤过(continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration, CVVHDF), 累计床旁血液净化治疗79例次。采取的感染防控管理措施包括病区隔离分区、患者行为隔离和患者安置、操作人员个人防护和手卫生,透析废液、空气、物体表面、医疗器械和医用织物等环境物品管理。无1例医护人员感染COVID-19,所有医护人员两次咽拭子COVID-19病毒核酸检测(两次采样间隔>1 d)均为阴性;开展床旁血液净化治疗的患者中2例COVID-19疑似病例在住院期间多次咽拭子病毒核酸检测及血清COVID-19病毒抗体IgG、IgM均阴性,胸部CT无病毒性肺炎表现;患者未发生血源性病原体的院内交叉传播。结论 在COVID-19隔离病区开展床旁血液净化治疗,通过采取有效的感染防控管理,能够有效控制院内交叉感染的发生和传播,可以为呼吸道传染病隔离病区患者诊治和感染防控提供一定的经验。     

关于剖宫产预防性应用抗生素问题探讨

总结我院１９９６年１０月至１９９７年２月共４个月的剖宫产病例１６３例,预防性应用抗生素的情况。对其中１０６例术前已破膜的病人选用青霉素Ｇ加０．５％甲硝唑静滴三天,或头孢西丁静推一次,剖宫产术后感染率分别为１１％、２０％,两组间无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。对５７例术前未破膜的病人预防性应用青霉素Ｇ加０．５％甲硝唑静滴三天,与维生素ｃ静滴组对照,剖宫产术后感染率为９％、８％,亦无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．