The use of non-prescribed medication in the first 3 months of life in rural South Africa

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the use of non-prescribed medications given to a cohort of infants in the first 3 months of life in a rural South African district, and discusses some of the implications for primary health care. METHODS: As part of an ongoing study on breastfeeding, a cohort of 110 infants were visited at home at 6 and 12 weeks of age. Any medications given to the infant since the last visit, the reasons for their administration, and any visits made to traditional healers were recorded via a semi-structured questionnaire. Determinants of administration of non-prescribed medication were analysed, including maternal age, education, infant gender and socio-economic factors. RESULTS: A total of 107 (97%) infants received non-prescribed medications in the first 3 months of life: 98 (89%) rectally and 64 (58%) orally. The most common enema contained traditional Zulu medicine made from herbs, given more than once weekly, usually for perceived constipation; the most common oral medication was gripe water, given once daily, mainly for 'colic' or 'wind'. Twenty-nine (26%) mothers had consulted a traditional healer, most commonly because of concerns about a capillary naevus, thought to cause pain. Mothers with a 'clean' water supply were more likely to give non-prescribed oral medications than those without (OR=2.7 and P=0.0223), whilst those who had no education were less likely to administer them than those who had completed school (OR=0.19 and P=0.0326). CONCLUSIONS: Non-prescribed medications are given almost universally to young infants in our area, irrespective of socio-economic class. Health professionals need to be aware of the extent of, and reasons for, administration of non-prescribed medications to young infants, so that effective health messages can be targeted at mothers and caregivers.     

电针为主治疗腰椎间盘突出所致坐骨神经痛:多中心随机对照试验

目的:筛选以电针为主治疗腰椎间盘突出所致坐骨神经痛的简便优效方案。方法:开展多中心随机对照试验,将198例腰椎间盘突出所致坐骨神经痛患者随机分成电针治疗组(A组)66例、电针联合牵引治疗组(B组)67例、电针联合牵引治疗组(C组)65例。3组均第1~2 w,5次/w,第3~4 w每周治疗3次,第5~6 w每周治疗2次,第12 w随访。比较各组治疗前后腿痛VAS视觉模拟评分(Vas LP)、改良罗兰功能问卷(Roland)、Likert总体恢复自我评价量表的改变。结果:治疗6 w后,3组Vas LP评分、Roland评分均显著降低(均P0.01),Likert总体恢复评分逐渐增高,且在治疗后第12 w疗效更加显著。3组Vas LP评分、Roland评分、Likert总体恢复组间差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:三种治疗方案对腰椎间盘突出所致坐骨神经痛均有减轻患腿疼痛、增强患腿运动功能、促进总体恢复的疗效,且三者疗效相当,并未随着疗法的增加出现明显的疗效叠加效应。     

完全型阴囊转位手术治疗改良的临床体会

目的：探讨改良Glenn-anderson术式在完全型阴囊转位患儿中的效果。方法对38例完全型阴囊转位患儿行Glenn-anderson术式过程中进行睾丸及鞘膜周围组织粘连松解。结果所有患儿术后外观满意,无明显并发症。结论改良Glenn-anderson术式治疗完全型阴囊转位,可使阴囊外观更加接近正常状态。     

复方苦参灌肠剂急性毒性及直肠黏膜刺激实验研究

[目的]通过对复方苦参灌肠剂的急性毒性及直肠黏膜刺激性进行实验研究,为临床安全用药提供参考。[方法]应用可供灌肠最大浓度(0.7 g/mL)和最大容积(0.04 mL/g)复方苦参灌肠剂,24 h内重复给药两次,连续观察并记录给药后14 d内小鼠的中毒症状和死亡数,观察小鼠精神、活动状态、毛发色泽、饮食、排泄物、体质量变化及毒性反应,14 d后解剖观察心、肝、脾、肺、肾、结肠并进行病理学检查。对SD大鼠多次直肠给药进行直肠黏膜刺激实验,大鼠给药量为临床灌肠用药剂量,连续给药并观察7 d,第1次给药24 h后解剖1只大鼠,观察直肠黏膜充血水肿情况,以积分评价方法判断药物对直肠黏膜是否有刺激性,并进行病理检查,末次给药24 h后解剖5只大鼠,处理同前,其余大鼠停药观察1周,如果此病理检查结果有异常,则停药观察的动物需行组织病理学检查,否则只需解剖肉眼观察。[结果]急性毒性实验:实验组大鼠体质量增长趋势与对照组比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组与正常对照组给药后30 min内出现倦怠懒动,2 h后恢复正常活动、饮食,随后14 d内各观察指标如外观、行为、饮食、排泄物均正常,无死亡小鼠,14 d后解剖所有小鼠,各内脏无肉眼可观察到的异常变化。直肠黏膜刺激实验:实验组与正常对照组体质量均有不同程度增长趋势,两组比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。动物解剖未见药物引起的直肠黏膜充血水肿等现象,积分评价法判断药物对直肠黏膜无刺激性,两次组织病理学检查未见明显病理改变,停药后的大鼠解剖无肉眼可见病理改变,无死亡大鼠。[结论]该实验条件下,小鼠灌肠最大给药量为56 g生药/kg,相当于人每日用量的14.6倍。实验表明临床拟用灌肠剂量是安全的。复方苦参灌肠剂多次大鼠直肠给药,对直肠黏膜无刺激性作用。     

Improved synthesis of key intermediate of grayanotoxin III

A concise improved synthesis of the key intermediate for the synthesis of grayanotoxin III was realized in the present study, featuring a tandem reaction of Michael addition-esterification, Mukaiyama hydration and Mukaiyama dehydrogenaiton.     

Furlow术式及改良兰式修复浅Ⅱ度腭裂的临床研究

目的对比Furlow术式及改良兰式对浅Ⅱ度腭裂的修复效果,评价这两种手术方式对于修复此类腭裂的优劣。方法 50例浅Ⅱ度腭裂患者随机分成两组,A组使用Furlow术式,B组使用改良兰式,对比两组患者的术后软腭延长长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后3 d平均体温及术后语音改善的程度。结果两种术式在术后软腭延长长度方面,Furlow术式优于改良兰式,前者为(0.794±0.198)cm,后者为(0.118±0.076)cm,差异有统计学意义(t=15.928,P<0.001)。手术时间、术中出血量、术后3 d平均体温及术后语音改善程度,2种术式差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论两种术式均可用于浅Ⅱ度腭裂的修复,但Furlow术式在延长软腭方面优势明显,对于不同类型腭裂可选用个体化修复方案。     

Incomplete colonoscopy: Maximizing completion rates of gastroenterologists

BACKGROUND

Cecal intubation is one of the goals of a quality colonoscopy; however, many factors increasing the risk of incomplete colonoscopy have been implicated. The implications of missed pathology and the demand on health care resources for return colonoscopies pose a conundrum to many physicians. The optimal course of action after incomplete colonoscopy is unclear.

OBJECTIVES:

To assess endoscopic completion rates of previously incomplete colonoscopies, the methods used to complete them and the factors that led to the previous incomplete procedure.

METHODS:

All patients who previously underwent incomplete colonoscopy (2005 to 2010) and were referred to St Paul’s Hospital (Vancouver, British Columbia) were evaluated. Colonoscopies were re-attempted by a single endoscopist. Patient charts were reviewed retrospectively.

RESULTS:

A total of 90 patients (29 males) with a mean (± SD) age of 58±13.2 years were included in the analysis. Thirty patients (33%) had their initial colonoscopy performed by a gastroenterologist. Indications for initial colonoscopy included surveillance or screening (23%), abdominal pain (15%), gastrointestinal bleeding (29%), change in bowel habits or constitutional symptoms (18%), anemia (7%) and chronic diarrhea (8%). Reasons for incomplete colonoscopy included poor preparation (11%), pain or inadequate sedation (16%), tortuous colon (30%), diverticular disease (6%), obstructing mass (6%) and stricturing disease (10%). Reasons for incomplete procedures in the remaining 21% of patients were not reported by the referring physician. Eighty-seven (97%) colonoscopies were subsequently completed in a single attempt at the institution. Seventy-six (84%) colonoscopies were performed using routine manoeuvres, patient positioning and a variable-stiffness colonoscope (either standard or pediatric). A standard 160 or 180 series Olympus gastroscope (Olympus, Japan) was used in five patients (6%) to navigate through sigmoid diverticular disease; a pediatric colonoscope was used in six patients (7%) for similar reasons. Repeat colonoscopy on the remaining three patients (3%) failed: all three required surgery for strictures (two had obstructing malignant masses and one had a severe benign obstructing sigmoid diverticular stricture).

CONCLUSION:

Most patients with previous incomplete colonoscopy can undergo a successful repeat colonoscopy at a tertiary care centre with instruments that are readily available to most gastroenterologists. Other modalities for evaluation of the colon should be deferred until a second attempt is made at an expert centre.     

Rectal perforations and fistulae secondary to a glycerin enema: closure by over-the-scope-clip

Rectal perforations due to glycerin enemas (GE) typically occur when the patient is in a seated or lordotic standing position. Once the perforation occurs and peritonitis results, death is usually inevitable. We describe two cases of rectal perforation and fistula caused by a GE. An 88-year-old woman presented with a large rectal perforation and a fistula just after receiving a GE. Her case was further complicated by an abscess in the right rectal wall. The second patient was a 78-year-old woman who suffered from a rectovesical fistula after a GE. In both cases, we performed direct endoscopic abscess lavage with a saline solution and closed the fistula using an over-the-scope-clip (OTSC) procedure. These procedures resulted in dramatic improvement in both patients. Direct endoscopic lavage and OTSC closure are very useful for pararectal abscess lavage and fistula closure, respectively, in elderly patients who are in poor general condition. Our two cases are the first reports of the successful endoscopic closure of fistulae using double OTSCs after endoscopic lavage of the debris and an abscess of the rectum secondary to a GE.     

结肠气钡双重造影和结肠CT应用价值的对比分析

目的 探讨结肠气钡双重造影和结肠CT在结直肠疾病诊断中的应用价值,并对比分析两种检查方法的优缺点.方法 回顾性分析2005年6月至2013年8月我院213例结肠气钡双重造影和结肠CT检查结果,对比观察两种检查方法所检出的病种、结直肠肿瘤和息肉的大小、部位及并发症发生情况.结果 结肠气钡双重造影对溃疡性结肠炎、慢性阑尾炎、憩室等疾病和近端结肠及小病灶的诊断能力优于结肠CT;结肠CT对结直肠肿瘤及远端结肠的诊断能力则优于结肠气钡双重造影.结论 结肠气钡双重造影和结肠CT各具优势,在临床工作中应视具体情况加以选择或联合应用.