直肠癌患者术后化疗联合CIK免疫治疗的临床疗效

目的:探讨直肠癌患者术后行化疗联合细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞(CIK)治疗的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2011年6月—2013年5月45例术后行FOLFOX4方案化疗联合CIK治疗的直肠癌患者(CIK+化疗组)临床资料,以同期术后仅接受相同方案的45例直肠癌患者(单纯化疗组)为对照,比较两组患者的生存质量、近期疗效、生存率以及不良反应,并分析直肠癌患者预后的影响因素。结果:与单纯化疗组比较,CIK+化疗组患者的生存质量改善率明显升高(82.2%vs.33.3%,P0.05);总有效率无统计学差异(31.1%vs.22.2%,P0.05),但疾病控制率明显增加(77.8%vs.51.1%,P0.05);1、2年总生存率无统计学差异(100.0%vs.97.8%;93.3%vs.80%,均P0.05),但1、2年无进展生存率明显升高(86.7%vs.62.2%;62.2%vs.40%,均P0.05);总不良反应发生率无统计学差异(46.7%vs.53.3%,P0.05)。单因素分析显示,直肠癌术后患者的预后与肿瘤的分化程度、淋巴结转移、病理分期及手术方式有关(均P0.05);多因素分析显示,肿瘤的分化程度和病理分期是影响直肠癌患者术后生存的独立因素(均P0.05)。结论:直肠癌患者术后行化疗联合CIK免疫治疗可明显改善生活质量,提高总体疗效,延长无进展生存时间;肿瘤的分化程度和病理分期是影响直肠癌患者术后生存的独立因素。     

Combination tumor immunotherapy with radiotherapy and Th1 cell therapy against murine lung carcinoma

Mice bearing established Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) expressing model tumor antigen, ovalbumin (OVA) (LLC-OVA) marginally responded to local radiotherapy, but none of the mice was cured. In contrast, treatment of the tumor-bearing mice with intratumoral injection of tumor-specific T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and tumor antigen (OVA) after radiotherapy dramatically prolonged the survival days and induced complete cure of the mice at high frequency (80%). Radiation therapy combined with Th1 cells or OVA alone showed no significant therapeutic activity against LLC-OVA. Such a strong therapeutic activity was not induced by intratumoral injection of Th1 cells plus OVA. Compared with other treatment, radiation therapy combined with Th1 cells and OVA was superior to induce the generation of OVA/H-2^b tetramer⁺ tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) with a strong cytotoxicity against LLC-OVA in draining lymph node (DLN). Moreover, the combined therapy is demonstrated to inhibit the growth of tumor mass, which grew at contralateral side. These results indicated that radiotherapy combined with Th1 cell/vaccine therapy induced a systemic antitumor immunity. These findings suggested that combination therapy with radiotherapy and Th1 cell/vaccine therapy may become a practical strategy for cancer treatment. Hiroshi Yokouchi and Kenji Chamoto are equally contributed.     

Mechanisms of killing by anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies

CD20 is a cell-surface marker expressed on mature B cells and most malignant B cells, but not stem or plasma cells. It is an ideal target for monoclonal antibodies (mAb), such as rituximab and ofatumumab, as it is expressed at high levels on most B-cell malignancies, but does not become internalized or shed from the plasma membrane following mAb treatment. This allows mAb to persist on the cell surface for extended periods and deliver sustained immunological attack from complement and FcR-expressing innate effectors, particularly macrophages. CD20 can also generate transmembrane signals when engaged by certain mAb which, although unproven, might provide an important element of the therapeutic success of anti-CD20 mAb. These favourable characteristics have led to anti-CD20 mAb being developed and exploited for use in immunotherapy, where they have proven remarkably efficacious in both the treatment of malignant disease and autoimmune disorders by deleting malignant or normal B cells, respectively. In this review, we discuss how these mAb have driven research in the immunotherapy field over the last decade, detail their likely modes of action and their limitations in terms of effector exhaustion, and explore ways in which they might be enhanced and further exploited in the future.     

Immunological effects of iron oxide nanoparticles and iron-based complex drug formulations: Therapeutic benefits,toxicity, mechanistic insights,and translational considerations

Nanotechnology offers several advantages for drug delivery. However, there is the need for addressing potential safety concerns regarding the adverse health effects of these unique materials. Some such effects may occur due to undesirable interactions between nanoparticles and the immune system, and they may include hypersensitivity reactions, immunosuppression, and immunostimulation. While strategies, models, and approaches for studying the immunological safety of various engineered nanoparticles, including metal oxides, have been covered in the current literature, little attention has been given to the interactions between iron oxide-based nanomaterials and various components of the immune system. Here we provide a comprehensive review of studies investigating the effects of iron oxides and iron-based nanoparticles on various types of immune cells, highlight current gaps in the understanding of the structure–activity relationships of these materials, and propose a framework for capturing their immunotoxicity to streamline comparative studies between various types of iron-based formulations.     

New and safe formulation for scorpion immunotherapy: Comparative study between saponin and FCA adjuvants associated to attenuated venom

Envenoming by scorpion is a major health problem in Maghreb regions as well as in several regions of the world. Immunotherapy is the only effective treatment for scorpion stings. The immune sera are obtained from hyper-immunized animals with a formulation of venom associated to Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA). This formulation seems to protect against several alterations in immunized animals leading to worsening of their health due to added toxicity of native venom and FCA adjuvant. This study aims to provide a more efficient and non-toxic alternative to this formulation. Two formulations of saponin or FCA associated to irradiated venom of Androctonus australis hector (Aah) were used to compare their safety and their efficiency to better enhance the antibody titers against toxic antigens.Both of these formulations were used in immunization schedule of three months. Blood samples were collected every week, cell count, myeloperoxydase (MPO) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activities and specific antibody titers were evaluated. Four months after the last immunization, rabbits were challenged with increased doses of native Aah venom.Results showed that immunization with saponin formulation induced lower inflammatory cell activation as well as reduced MPO and EPO activities compared to that using FCA. The formulation of irradiated venom with saponin seems also to be more efficient in the activation of lymphocytes resulting in higher titers of specific IgG. The immunoprotective effect evaluation showed that the formulation using saponin seems to protected animals until 3 LD50 of native venom compared to that using FCA which protected only until 2 LD50. These results indicate that saponin formulation with irradiated antigen could be more efficient and safe immunizing preparation for the production of sera against scorpion envenomation.     

经尿道前列腺等离子电切术联合内分泌疗法治疗晚期前列腺癌合并膀胱出口梗阻的临床疗效观察

目的观察经尿道前列腺等离子电切术(pPKRP)联合内分泌疗法治疗晚期前列腺癌合并膀胱出口梗阻的临床效果,并评价其临床应用价值。方法选择2013年2月至2017年12月期间在本院接受治疗的80例晚期前列腺癌合并膀胱出口梗阻患者作为研究对象,根据治疗方法不同将其分为两组,对照组(n=37)单纯给予最大限度雄激素阻断治疗,包括药物去势(皮下注射醋酸亮丙瑞林微球3.75 mg,每月1次)+口服比卡鲁胺50 mg/d,试验组(n=43)在对照组基础上加用PKRP术,比较两组患者治疗前和治疗后的最大尿流量(Qmax)、残余尿量(PVR)、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、前列腺体积、国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)。结果试验组治疗后的Qmax、PSA、前列腺体积、IPSS、QOL大于对照组,PVR小于对照组(P<0.05);随访10~22个月,试验组15例患者病情出现进展,5例死亡,对照组有12例患者病情出现进展,4例死亡,两组患者的病情进展率、病死率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);试验组出现电切综合征2例、术后出血4例、术后尿道狭窄1例,经对症治疗后均明显改善。结论PKRP术联合内分泌疗法治疗晚期前列腺癌合并膀胱出口梗阻的短期疗效显著,能够明显改善患者的前列腺功能和临床症状,提高患者生存期的生活质量,具有较高的临床实用价值。     

肝细胞癌免疫治疗的现状和展望

肝细胞癌因其发病率和病死率较高,已成为关乎全民健康的严重问题。肝细胞癌的治疗方法众多,近年来免疫治疗的兴起为肝细胞癌的治疗提供了新武器,其实用价值亦得到越来越多的肯定和关注。肝细胞癌的免疫治疗经历了最初的细胞毒性药物、小分子抑制剂到现在的免疫检查点抑制剂,促进肿瘤治疗的模式发生重大改变。同时,应重视免疫相关不良事件的管理和治疗,通过建立多学科诊断与治疗团队促进和提高肝细胞癌的综合治疗水平,从根本上提高疗效,造福患者。     

靶向治疗时代转移性肾癌多学科综合治疗的单中心经验总结

目的总结在靶向药物治疗基础上单中心转移性肾癌的多学科诊疗经验。方法回顾性分析2007年12月至2019年2月中山大学肿瘤防治中心经多学科诊疗团队(multi-disciplinary team,MDT)诊治的168例转移性肾癌(metastatic renal cell,mRCC)患者的临床数据。根据治疗方式将患者分为3组。单纯靶向药物治疗(A组)76例,男55例,女21例;年龄52(17~73)岁;透明细胞癌60例,非透明细胞癌16例;国际转移性肾细胞癌联合数据库(International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database consortium,IMDC)预后评分低危11例,中危48例,高危17例;初诊时即有转移44例;行原发灶切除术63例。靶向药物治疗+局部治疗(B组)66例,男55例,女11例;年龄54(21~86)岁;透明细胞癌49例,非透明细胞癌17例;IMDC预后评分低危13例,中危39例,高危14例;初诊时即有转移32例;行原发灶切除术56例。靶向药物治疗+局部治疗+免疫治疗(C组)26例,男19例,女7例;年龄52(23~83)岁;透明细胞癌15例,非透明细胞癌11例;IMDC预后评分低危9例,中危13例,高危4例;初诊时即有转移9例;行原发灶切除术26例。3组患者一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。一线靶向治疗药物为舒尼替尼、索拉非尼、阿昔替尼。舒尼替尼50 mg,每日1次,用药4周停2周;索拉非尼400 mg,每日2次;阿昔替尼5 mg,每日2次。接受舒尼替尼、索拉非尼、阿昔替尼一线治疗者分别为103、18、39例。靶向药物治疗时间均>6个月。免疫治疗采用派姆单抗(Pembrolizumab)2 mg/kg静脉应用,每3周1次,或低剂量(20 mg)派姆单抗孵育经体外扩增后的自体外周血树突状细胞细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞(dendritic cells cytokine induced killer,DC.CIK),每周1次,4次后改为每2周1次。18例采用DC.CIK,8例采用派姆单抗。局部治疗方式包括立体定向放疗(stereotactic body radiation therapy,SBRT)和外科治疗(手术切除或能量消融治疗)。根据靶向药物治疗效果,转移灶部位、数量、与周围器官关系,以及患者的意愿,经MDT专家讨论后决定局部治疗方式。92例接受局部治疗,其中单纯外科治疗34例,单纯SBRT 37例,外科治疗+SBRT 21例。比较3组的疗效和不良反应情况,分析不同治疗方法与患者总生存时间(overall survival,OS)的关系。结果168例中位随访23个月(6~117个月)。中位无进展生存时间(progression free-survival,PFS)为18.3个月,中位OS为33.5个月;2年生存率为66%,5年生存率为35%。A、B、C组的中位OS分别为29.8个月、44.6个月和未达,2年生存率分别为58%、67%和89%,5年生存率分别为12%、46%和57%。在靶向药物治疗的基础上接受联合治疗者的预后均优于单纯靶向药物治疗者,5年总OS分别为51%和11%。C组的中高危mRCC患者预后明显优于A、B组。在接受免疫治疗的患者中,靶向药物治疗联合DC.CIK与联合派姆单抗的中位OS分别为49.1个月和53.1个月,差异无统计学意义(P=0.541)。单因素分析结果显示,OS与IMDC评分、原发灶切除、治疗模式相关(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,OS与治疗模式、原发灶切除显著相关(P<0.05),靶向药物治疗+免疫治疗+局部治疗可使mRCC患者死亡风险下降约60%(HR=0.39,95%CI 0.17~0.89,P=0.026)。78例使用靶向药物治疗发生3~4级不良反应,12例因无法耐受一线靶向药物治疗不良反应而停药或换药。16例采用靶向药物联合免疫治疗发生3~4级药物不良反应,主要为疲乏8例次、白细胞降低4例次、血小板降低3例次、转氨酶和胆红素升高3例次。靶向药物治疗联合DC.CIK治疗的严重不良反应发生例数少于联合派姆单抗治疗(6例与12例),特别是显著降低了血液学毒性(2例与5例)和肝毒性(0例与3例),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。外科治疗后出现ClavienⅢ~Ⅳ级并发症16例次,主要为感染和切口延期愈合6例次、不全肠梗阻4例次,围手术期输血15例次。SBRT治疗后6例出现美国放射肿瘤协作组评分(Radiotherapy Oncology Group,RTOG)3级不良反应,其中骨髓抑制4例,皮肤反应和放射性神经炎2例,未观察到≥4级不良反应。结论在靶向药物治疗基础上联合免疫治疗和局部治疗的mRCC患者预后明显优于采用单纯靶向药物治疗的患者。经MDT诊疗的综合治疗可使mRCC患者生存获益。