寄生虫感染中髓系抑制性细胞的免疫抑制机制研究

髓系抑制性细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSC)是髓系来源的一群异质细胞,具有强大的免疫抑制功能.在病理情况下可大量扩增,包括各种感染、肿瘤和急慢性炎症等.在肿瘤模型和肿瘤患者体内均发现有MDSC,其促进肿瘤免疫逃避的机制已取得很大进展.寄生虫感染一般都伴随免疫逃避和显著抑制机体免疫应答的现象,而目前较少关注MDSC在寄生虫感染中的免疫抑制功能.该文综述了一些种类的原虫和蠕虫感染中,MDSC的扩增、活化、趋化、表型和功能.     

Suppression of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in monocytic cells persistently infected with measles virus

HIV-1 evolution in the envelope gene (env) was analyzed in four asymptomatic antiretroviral therapy na?ve patients with typical and slow disease progression rates. In typical progressors, viral populations were monophyletic and two distinct evolutionary patterns were observed. In one patient, HIV-1 evolution displayed a strong temporal structure similar to the consistent pattern previously described. In the other, viral evolution displayed a lack of temporal structure with no increase in genetic heterogeneity and divergence over time. In slow progressors, several clades were observed in viral populations. However, analysis within the major sub-population revealed the same two evolutionary patterns described for typical progressors. Synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rate analyses indicated that positive selection was the major force driving HIV-1 evolution in viral populations with temporal structure, while evolution in viral populations with an atemporal structure was dominated by genetic drift and purifying selection. These results support the existence of distinct patterns of env evolution in untreated HIV-1-infected patients.     

糖皮质激素诱导的亮氨酸拉链蛋白在糖皮质激素作用中的角色及分子机制

糖皮质激素（glucocorticoids,GCs）因具有强大的抗炎和免疫抑制作用,在临床上广泛用于自身免疫性疾病和炎症相关性疾病的治疗。然而,长期使用或者大剂量使用会导致较多的不良反应,降低其应用价值。因此,为了既保留GCs的抗炎作用、又减轻GCs的免疫抑制作用,深入研究GCs的分子作用机制对寻找新的药物靶点或者具有GCs作用的小分子化合物具有重要意义。糖皮质激素诱导的亮氨酸拉链蛋白（glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein,GILZ）是GCs调控的靶分子,是GCs的重要下游执行分子,但GILZ效应又不完全等同于GCs通过糖皮质受体（glucocorticoids receptor,GR）发挥的生理和药理效应,具有替代GCs用于临床的可能性。因此,本文就GILZ在GCs的抗炎、免疫抑制中的作用、分子机制以及在自身免疫系统疾病模型中的应用进行综述。     

鞘内泵入吗啡对炎性疼痛大鼠T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞表型的影响

目的:观察鞘内泵入不同剂量的吗啡对福尔马林炎性疼痛大鼠免疫功能的影响.方法: 40 只雄性SD大鼠随机分为生理盐水对照组(NS组)、假手术组(F组)和吗啡组(M组),其中M组分为10μg*h-1(M1)、5μg*h-1(M2)、2.5μg*h-1(M3)三种不同剂量组,采用改良Yaksh法进行鞘内置管,Alzet泵持续泵入吗啡或生理盐水1天后,构建福尔马林炎性疼痛模型,根据疼痛加权评分(PIS)评价吗啡镇痛效应,持续泵入7天后分离脾脏单个核细胞进行培养,流式细胞仪检测脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞表型变化.结果: (1)与NS组比较,M1、M2、M3组在福尔马林炎性疼痛第一时相和第二时相的PIS有显著性差异(P<0.01),随着泵入剂量的增加,PIS逐渐下降,但三者间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);(2) 与NS组比较,吗啡泵入7天后M1、M2、M3组可导致CD3 、 CD3 CD4 、 CD3 CD8 数量及百分率降低,CD4 / CD8 降低,CD161 数量及百分率降低,有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论: (1) 鞘内泵入吗啡( 2.5μg*h-1)对炎性疼痛大鼠具有明显的抗伤害作用;(2)鞘内泵入不同剂量吗啡(10μg*h-1、5μg*h-1、2.5μg*h-1)可剂量依赖性地抑制大鼠细胞免疫功能.     

少量蛋白尿IgA肾病临床研究现状

少量蛋白尿IgA肾病(24 h尿蛋白<1 g)的患者既往认为长期预后良好,且肾活检比例低,普遍未予积极有效的治疗。近年来陆续有研究表明,少量蛋白尿IgA肾病患者长期预后并不乐观,因此需提高对少量蛋白尿IgA肾病临床、病理、治疗及预后的认识及理解。本文将对少量蛋白尿IgA肾病临床表现、肾脏病理、治疗及预后4个方面予以综述。     

Seasonal flu-vaccination in the immunocompromised burns patient

Background and aimsInfluenza is a serious disease which can be life threatening. Patients with significant burns have reduced physiological reserve and are at risk both of incurring dangerous respiratory complications. In other susceptible patient groups the flu vaccine is used to reduce the risk of flu and lessen its effects.We aim to investigate whether there were any existing local and national trends in the use of flu vaccination in burns patients. Our second objective was to review any current evidence in the literature.MethodsA questionnaire was carried out of consultants in our own health board and of 5 of the major burns units in the UK to assess current practice.ResultsNone of the local respondent were aware of any existing guidelines. None of the external units contacted reported the use of a guideline for flu vaccination in burns patients. On searching the literature there were no existing studies investigating the use of flu vaccination in burns patients.ConclusionsThrough review of the literature on flu vaccination in immunocompromised patients we show how this could be extrapolated to patients with significant burns. We propose a guideline to aid in the decision to prescribe flu vaccine to patients with significant burns taking into account age, % TBSA burn and comorbidity. The decision to recommend the flu vaccine in this group should be considered on an individual basis. However, flu vaccination represents a simple, low-risk measure which could prevent the dangerous complications of influenza in an at risk group.     

Liver transplantation

Huge developments in the field of liver transplantation have occurred over the last 30 years. Improved immunosuppression regimens brought about by the introduction of ciclosporin and tacrolimus, the development of organ preservation solutions and enhanced perioperative care have meant that survival at 1 year following liver transplantation now reaches approximately 90%. The spectrum of disease now treated with liver transplantation has also grown to encompass a wide range of chronic disease and primary liver malignancy. Early referral to specialist centres affords better outcomes for potential recipients and has prompted the development of specific scoring systems to objectively assess liver failure and guide organ allocation. The consistent gap between the number of recipients and availability of organs, however, has driven many new developments such as split grafts and live donor transplantation. The use of the marginal graft is now commonplace in many centres in an attempt to reduce waiting list mortality. Here, we examine the origins and evolution of the specialty and describe some of the latest developments in the field of liver transplantation, with specific reference to the surgical techniques currently used as well as recent advances in immunosuppression therapy.     

Cancer risk of immunosuppressants in manufacturing

During the chemical and pharmaceutical production of active pharmaceutical substances which are intended for immunosuppressive therapy, the employees may be exposed to these substances via inhalation. Immunosuppressants are linked to development of certain types of cancers e.g., lymphoma or skin cancer in transplant patients. The development of these cancers in patients is linked to the level of immunosuppression needed for transplantation in order to avoid organ rejection. Below these levels, with the immune system functioning uninhibited, cancer is unlikely to develop.