缺血预处理对缺血/再灌注脑的保护及其与微循环调节功能的关系研究

目的:探讨缺血预处理(IPC)是否对缺血/再灌注(I/R)脑细胞具有保护效应及其与微循环调节功能间的关系。方法:I/R与IPC组大鼠均复制脑I/R损伤模型,IPC组增加于I/R之前24h进行的短暂脑缺血预处理。动物均开颅窗观察缺血前、缺血后、再灌后脑软膜微循环指标;并取脑组织作红四氮唑(TTC)染色观察缺血损伤情况。结果:I/R组TTC染色后大多数出现不规则的缺血损伤的淡染区,而IPC组明显少见。IPC组缺血及再灌之后毛细血管累计总长度、微循环血流量、微血管内血流速度之相对增加值均大于I/R组。I/R组于再灌注之后有无复流现象;而IPC组此时呈灌注增加的过程。结论:IPC通过提高微循环的调节功能,促进毛细血管的相对性开放和血流的相对性加快,减轻缺血期组织血流低灌注和再灌注期无复流现象,从而对I/R脑产生一定保护作用。     

核转录因子-κB在缺氧预处理抑制心肌细胞凋亡中的作用

目的 :研究缺氧预处理 (hypoxicpreconditioning ,HPC)对于心肌细胞蛋白激酶C(PKC)和核转录因子κB (NF κB)表达的影响 ,及其在缺氧复氧诱导心肌细胞凋亡中的作用。方法 :在培养的SD乳鼠心肌细胞制作缺氧 /复氧 (H/R)模型 ,以荧光素染料Hoechst3 3 2 5 8测定心肌细胞凋亡率 ;制备心肌细胞蛋白提取物 ,以新PKCε亚型 (nPKCε)特异性抗体测定nPKCε相对蛋白含量 ;以抗NF κB抗体检测NF κB的表达 ;并以PKC抑制剂H7与心肌细胞预孵育后 ,观察H7对于HPC诱导的PKC和NF κB表达上调以及心肌细胞保护作用的影响。结果 :缺氧复氧造成心肌细胞凋亡 ,HPC可以降低心肌细胞H/R后凋亡率 ,并诱导nPKCε和NF κB表达上调 ;PKC抑制剂H7可以消除HPC诱导的PKC、NF κB表达上调和心肌细胞保护作用。结论 :HPC可以提高乳鼠心肌细胞对于H/R的耐受性 ,其机制涉及PKC介导的NF κB表达上调。     

Tissue remodeling of rat pulmonary artery in hypoxic breathing. I. Changes of morphology, zero-stress state, and gene expression

The remodeling of the pulmonary arterial tissue in response to a step change of the oxygen concentration in the gas in which a rat lives was recorded as function of time and function of O₂ concentration. Three steps of changing from 20.9% to 17.2%, 13.6%, and 10% O₂ were imposed. Earlier work in our laboratory has shown that pulmonary arterial tissue remodeling is significant in the first 24 h after a step change of oxygen tension. Hence we made measurements in this period. Furthermore, data were obtained for tissue remodeling of circumferential and axial lengths of the pulmonary arteries. We recorded the activities of gene expressions in the lung tissues by microarray, determined the dose response curves of gene expression in the homogenized whole lungs with respect to four levels of O₂ concentration, and obtained the time courses of gene expression in the lung parenchyma in 30 days after a step decrease of O₂ concentration from 20.9% to 10%. We would like to suggest that the correlation of gene expression with physiological function parameters, i.e., time, O₂ tension, blood pressure, opening angle, wall thicknesses, etc., is the way to narrow down the search for specific genes for specific physiological functions. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC01: 8719Uv     

低压缺氧延迟预适应对小鼠海马神经元的保护作用研究

目的：了解低压缺氧预处理是否能够诱导小鼠海马神经元产生延迟预适应，增强神经元耐缺氧能力。 方法： 将近交系Babl/c小鼠放入减压舱，模拟海拔7 000 m高度减压2.5 h/d，连续3 d。第3次减压毕36 h后，观察严重低压缺氧(12 000 m 4 h)、严重缺血(双侧颈总动脉阻塞18 min)、缺血合并低压缺氧 (结扎右侧颈总动脉后，低压缺氧8 000 m 4 h)对低压缺氧预处理及正常对照小鼠海马神经元的损伤情况。 结果： 7 000 m 2.5 h低压缺氧预处理对小鼠海马神经元无显著损伤，能够诱导其产生延迟预适应，显著增强海马神经元耐受严重低压缺氧、严重缺血、缺血合并低压缺氧损伤的能力。 结论: 本研究所采用的低压缺氧预处理方法能够诱导海马神经元产生延迟预适应，增强其抗缺血缺氧能力。     

缺氧诱导因子-1在缺氧预处理心肌保护中的作用及其机制研究

目的:研究缺氧诱导因子-1(HIF-1)在缺氧预处理(HPC)心肌细胞保护中的作用及其机制。方法:在培养的SD乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧(H/R)模型上,观察HPC对于24h后心肌细胞H/R损伤的影响,以MTT法测定心肌细胞存活率,试剂盒测定培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性。制备心肌细胞蛋白提取物,以磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK1/2)抗体测定HPC后不同时间ERK1/2活性,以聚丙烯酰胺电泳迁移实验观察HIF-1α磷酸化,并观察蛋白磷酸酶激动剂BDM和ERKs的上游激酶(MEK1/2)抑制剂PD98059对于HPC诱导的HIF-1α磷酸化以及心肌细胞保护作用的影响。结果:HPC可以提高心肌细胞H/R后存活率、减少LDH漏出,并激活ERK1/2,使HIF-1α发生磷酸化;蛋白磷酸酶激动剂BDM和ERKs的上游激酶MEK抑制剂PD98059可以消除HPC诱导的HIF-1α磷酸化和心肌细胞保护作用。结论:HPC可以提高乳鼠心肌细胞对于H/R的耐受性,其机制涉及ERKs介导的HIF-1α磷酸化。     

不同部位缺血预处理对未成熟心肌保护作用的研究

目的探讨不同部位缺血预处理对未成熟心肌保护作用。方法采用经典心脏缺血预处理、肾缺血预处理及双下肢缺血预处理动物Langendorff灌注模型比较三种方法对缺血 /再灌(I/R)未成熟心肌损伤的效应。分为5组 :正常对照组(NC,n=6) ,离体心脏仅灌注KH液70min;缺血 /再灌 (I/R ,n=6) ,离体心脏灌注15min转为工作心15min后停灌45min,恢复灌注15min改为工作心30min;心脏缺血预处理组 (IPC,n=6),离体心脏灌注15min转为工作心15min后反复2次缺血5min/再灌5min,然后重复I/R组方法 ;肾缺血预处理组(K -IPC ,n=6) ,反复3次阻断左肾动脉5min,放开5min,然后重复I/R组方法。双下肢缺血预处理组 (DL-IPC ,n=6) ,反复3次捆扎双下肢5min,松开5min,然后重复I/R组方法。以左心室功能恢复、心肌含水量、血清肌酸激酶 (CK)和乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)漏出率 ,心肌组织ATP和丙二醛 (MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及电镜作为观察指标。结果IPC、DL-IPC及K-IPC组在左心室功能恢复优于I/R组 (P<0.05) ,在ATP含量、SOD活性及心肌超微结构方面均优于I/R组(P<0.01) ,心肌含水量低于I/R组 (P<0.05) ,在MDA含量、CK、LDH漏出率方面均低于I/R组 (P<0.01)。结论不同部位的非心脏缺血预处理 ,与心脏缺血预处理可诱发同等的心肌保护作用     

Contribution of coronary endothelial cells to cardiac adenosine production

Experiments were performed in isolated non-working guinea pig hearts perfused according to the Langendorff technique (95% O₂, 5% CO₂), to evaluate the relative contribution of the coronary endothelium to the formation of cardiac adenosine during hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acetylcholine infusion. For this purpose the adenine-nucleotides of the coronary endothelium were prelabeled by perfusion of isolated hearts with³H-adenosine (10^–8 M) for 35 min. Changes in the relative specific radio-activity (RSA) of adenosine released into the coronary effluent perfusate were used to assess changes in the relative contribution of the coronary endothelium and cardiomyocytes to total cardiac adenosine release. Hypoxic perfusion (15% O₂) doubled coronary flow and increased total adenosine release by about two orders of magnitude and in addition, substantially increased the release of³H-adenosine. The RSA of adenosine, however, was consistently depressed. During hypercapnic acidosis (9% CO₂) the increase in coronary flow was associated with only a small and transient rise in cardiac adenosine release, and did not influence the formation of³H-adenosine. In the unpaced heart, acetylcholine (10^–7 and 2×10^–6 M) dose-dependently increased coronary flow and the release of both adenosine and³H-adenosine. Within the first minute, the RSA of adenosine was increased, but thereafter was decreased relative to control. In the paced heart, the effects of acetylcholine (2×10^–6 M) were greatly attenuated. Increasing coronary flow by bradykinin and isosorbide dinitrate or decreasing heart rate by (–)N₆-phenylisopropyl-adenosine did not significantly affect effluent perfusate concentration of adenosine or its RSA. Our findings suggest that coronary endothelium in vivo can contribute to increased cardiac adenosine release in response to hypoxia and acetylcholine but not following hypercapnic acidosis. In addition, the consistent decrease in RSA of adenosine suggests a proportionally greater increase in adenosine release from cardiomyocytes.A preliminary report of part of this work appeared in Pflügers Arch (1984) 402:R19 [Suppl]. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SFB 30, Kardiologie Düsseldorf     

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is heterogeneously distributed in the prone dog

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is thought to protect gas exchange by decreasing perfusion to hypoxic regions. However, with global hypoxia, non-uniformity in HPV may cause over-perfusion to some regions, leading to high-altitude pulmonary edema. To quantify the spatial distribution of HPV and regional PO2 (PRO2) among small lung regions (approximately 2.0 cm3), five prone beagles (approximately 8.3 kg) were anesthetized and ventilated (PEEP approximately 2 cm H2O) with an F1O2 of 0.21, then 0.50, 0.18, 0.15, and 0.12 in random order. Regional blood perfusion (Q), ventilation (VA) and calculated PRO2 were obtained using iv infusion of 15 microm and inhalation of 1 microm fluorescent microspheres. Lung pieces were clustered by their relative blood flow response to each F1O2. Clusters were shown to be spatially grouped within animals and across animals. Lung piece resistance increased as PRO2 decreased to 60-70 mmHg but dropped at PRO2's < 60mmHg. Regional ventilation changed little with hypoxia. HPV varied more in strength of response, rather than PRO2 response threshold. In initially homogeneous VA/Q lungs, we conclude that HPV response is heterogeneous and spatially clustered.     

缺血后处理改善微循环、减轻骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的实验研究

目的:观察缺血后处理(I-postC)对大鼠后肢骨骼肌微循环和缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤的影响。方法:健康雄性Wistar大鼠24只,随机分为3个实验组,即I/R组、I-postC组和预处理(IPC)组(n均=8),左后肢作为自身对照。无创动脉夹夹闭右侧股动脉4h,松夹再灌注2h建立大鼠后肢I/R模型。于再灌注结束时分别检测大鼠胫前肌血氧饱和度(StO2)、微循环、血流动力学变化以及骨骼肌湿、干重比值(W/D)和骨骼肌组织丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:(1)再灌注I-postC减轻I/R对心功能的抑制,I-postC组+dp/dtmax和-dp/dtmax较I/R组分别增高18.5%和21.3%(P<0.05),I-postC组W/D较I/R组降低4.9%(P<0.05);I-postC组MDA较I/R组降低40.9%(P<0.05)。(2)再灌注I-postC组实验侧细静脉血流速度较I/R组增加8.3%(P<0.05),细动、静脉收缩减轻(细动、静脉内径较I/R组分别增加14.8%和29.1%,P<0.05),与IPC的保护效果接近(P>0.05)。结论:I-postC显著减轻骨骼肌I/R损伤,其保护机制与改善微循环有关。     

不同浓度缺氧预适应小鼠脑匀浆提取液对PC12细胞缺氧耐受性的影响

目的： 探讨缺氧预适应小鼠脑匀浆提取液(HP extract)对PC12细胞缺氧耐受性的影响。方法: 复制小鼠急性重复缺氧模型，制备HP extract。在培养PC12细胞中加入HP extract使其终浓度分别为0.2、0.8、3.2、6.4、12.8 g/L(HP组)。以同浓度正常小鼠脑匀浆提取液(N extract)作为对照组(N组)。缺氧(2%O2) 培养24、48、72 h后, 采用四唑盐（MTT）比色法检测各组细胞活力 (A570值)并检测缺氧24、48、72 h乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）透出率、缺氧24 h早期凋亡率(Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞仪检测)、缺氧72 h晚期凋亡率(Hoechst33258染色荧光显微镜检测)。结果: HP extract浓度低于6.4 g/L(包括6.4 g/L), 缺氧培养24 h时, HP组A570值显著高于同浓度N组, 其 LDH透出率显著低于同浓度N组。随缺氧时间延长, 高浓度HP extract逐渐失去细胞保护作用。至72 h时浓度高于6.4 g/L(包括6.4 g/L)HP extract有促细胞凋亡作用, 此时HP组A570值显著低于同浓度N组, 其LDH透出率和晚期凋亡率均显著高于同浓度N组。结论: 缺氧预适应小鼠脑匀浆提取液对PC12细胞缺氧耐受性的影响呈浓度依赖性和时间依赖性。