中药浸取液并流两效蒸发浓缩工艺研究

目的降低中药浸取液蒸发浓缩的能耗。方法采用数学方法研究带冷凝水闪蒸的中药浸取液并流两效蒸发浓缩工艺,建立该工艺的数学模型,提出求解模型的计算机辅助算法。结果该工艺比单效蒸发可节省加热蒸汽消耗量43.95%,算法稳定高效。结论中药浸取液蒸发浓缩采用带冷凝水闪蒸的两效蒸发工艺节能效果显著。     

中国脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒VP1区基因突变热点分析

目的研究中国(未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区)急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统中分离到的脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗株病毒VP1区基因核苷酸突变热点及其分子生物学特征。方法对从中国1996~2002年AFP病例中分离的693株单血清型脊灰病毒进行VP1区核苷酸序列测定和分析,并对序列结果进行比对分析和统计学分析。结果VP1区核苷酸序列测定和分析结果,未检出脊灰野病毒,全部为脊灰疫苗株病毒。在所有疫苗株病毒中,发现了一些VP1区基因核苷酸突变热点,例如Ⅰ型病毒的nt2 747位点和nt2 795位点、Ⅱ型病毒的nt2 909位点、Ⅲ型病毒的nt2 636位点,突变发生率分别为34.8%、47.3%、84.8%、53.3%。4个突变热点共有8种核苷酸变异形式,其中3种核苷酸变异形式为转换(Ⅰ型A2795G、Ⅱ型U2909C、Ⅲ型G2636A),另外5种为颠换(Ⅰ型A2747U、A2747C、A2795U和Ⅱ型U2909A、U2909G)。4个突变热点全部导致了编码氨基酸的突变。在编码氨基酸的突变中,除Ⅰ型A2747U、A2 747C、A2 795U导致相似性质的氨基酸之间发生替代外,其余都发生了极性氨基酸和疏水性氨基酸的替换。某些导致不同性质编码氨基酸替换的突变热点同时也是已知的神经毒力决定位点。结论因为有突变热点的存在,说明在VP1区基因中突变的核苷酸并不是完全随机分布的;由于脊灰病毒的VP1区基因突变热点可能与它的生物学特性(如神经毒力)有一定的关联性,因此对VP1区基因突变热点的检测,可作为中国脊灰病毒学监测中的一个重要方法。     

优视胶囊对急性高眼压兔眼闪光视网膜电图的影响

目的观察优视胶囊对急性高眼压兔眼闪光视网膜电图的影响及其对视功能的保护作用。方法18只兔,随机取一眼制作急性高眼压动物兔眼模型,造模眼随机分为模型组、低剂量组、高剂量组,每组6眼,与18只正常眼对照。造模前1周及造模后3 d给予优视胶囊灌胃,于造模前、造模后第1小时、造模后第1、第3天测定F-ERG b波及OPs。结果造模后获得平均高于6.83 kPa并能持续3 d的高眼压,其不同程度地使造模眼F-ERG b波振幅下降并使OPs各子波峰潜时延迟、OPs总振幅下降,造模后第1小时与造模前比较各指标差异有显著性(P<0.05)。优视胶囊能缩短延迟了的OPs各子波峰潜时,并促进下降了的b波和OPs总振幅恢复,表现为造模3 d后高、低剂量组各指标与造模后第1小时比较,差异有显著性或非常显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01),而模型组的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论优视胶囊对急性高眼压兔眼视功能具有保护作用。     

福州人饮食性味凉热和温度高低与体质关系研究

目的 :探讨饮食性味凉热和温度高低对人体影响的规律性与体质的关系。方法 :通过对 2 2 4例的问卷调查 ,了解福州人对饮食性味凉热和 /或温度高低的不同反应 ,用统计学方法探讨其中的相关性和规律性。结果 :①女性恶热性饮食的发生率高于男性 ,其余与性别无关 ;②年龄与恶低温饮食、恶凉性饮食及喜较烫饮食的发生率之间呈显著中度正相关 ;③既往慢性病或症的发生率与恶低温饮食、恶凉性饮食、喜较烫饮食及恶热性饮食的发生率之间呈高度正相关 ;④低温饮食和寒凉性质饮食引发不同系统症状的发生率之间呈高度正相关 ,主要诱发胃肠不适和咳喘 ;⑤热性饮食所引发的症状与中医对“火热”症状的表述相符 ;⑥恶低温饮食、恶凉性饮食、喜较烫饮食及恶热性饮食等不同体质状态 ,在同一人体中重叠出现率大于单独出现率。结论 :饮食性味凉热和温度高低对人体的影响是客观存在的 ,且有明确的规律可循。这种规律与中医对人体现象的观察及关于寒热的理论相一致 ,可作为临床体质辨证的依据 ,进一步深入研究对中医理论及人体科学的发展都有重要意义。     

2种方法预防压疮的效果分析

目的研究液体石蜡对脑血管疾病及颅脑损伤等压疮高危病员的预防效果。方法把120例患者随机分成实验组、对照组。实验组（61例）把石蜡熔化后冷却至40～50℃左右，放在易发生压疮的受压部位；对照组（59例）采取传统翻身按摩法预防压疮，观察2组压疮发生率。结果实验组61例有2例1期压疮发生，对照组59协有10例Ⅰ期压疮发生。通过检验，X^2：6．627，P〈0．05，2组结果差异有统计学意义。结论石蜡热敷预防压疮的发生明显优于翻身按摩法，值得在一临床中推广应用。     

基于双端口RAM的便携式心电监护仪设计

目的：设计基于双端口RAM的双单片机便携式心电监护仪，解决心电监护数据传送的瓶颈问题。方法：双端口RAM芯片具有2套完全独立的数据线、地址线和读写控制线．因而可使2个CPU分时独立访问其内部RAM资源。主单片机在片上RAM缓存采集数据，满200B，打包写入双端口RAM．双端口RAM缓冲区中的数据达到闪存的页容量时，通知从单片机读取数据，从单片机以页编程方式一次写入闪存。结果：解决了双端口RAM的端口争用问题，并讨论了极限采样频率，实现了主、从单片机数据共享，缓存采集信号，即使在较高采样频率下．仍能确保及时、可靠地存储实时信号。结论：便携式心电监护仪中通常使用大容量NAND闪存实时存储采集到的信号．但是由于NAND闪存的数据写入是以页编程为基础．因而限制了前端采样频率的提高。基于双端口RAM的双单片机便携式心电监护仪的设计合理地的解决了心电监护数据传输的瓶颈问题．     

酒精对大鼠闪光视觉诱发电位影响及纳洛酮翻转作用的研究

目的:观察酒精对大鼠闪光视觉诱发电位(FVEP)的影响及纳洛酮的翻转作用。方法:38只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、酒精组、低剂量纳洛酮组和高剂量纳洛酮组。首先记录麻醉平稳后60min内正常大鼠FVEP正常值,然后观察酒精对大鼠FVEP的影响,最后分别观察两种剂量的纳洛酮对酒精致大鼠FVEP影响的翻转作用。结果:酒精使大鼠FVEP鄄P1潜时明显延长(P<0.01),低剂量纳洛酮不能翻转酒精致大鼠的FVEP鄄P1延长(P>0.05),高剂量纳洛酮能明显翻转酒精致大鼠FVEP鄄P1延长(P<0.01)。结论:酒精能使闪光视觉诱发电位潜时延长,表明其对视功能具有损害作用,低剂量纳洛酮不能翻转其损害作用,而高剂量纳洛酮则能翻转其损害作用。     

Associative and behavioral tolerance to the analgesic effects of nicotine in rats: tail-flick and paw-lick assays

Rationale Theories of drug tolerance differentiate between associative and behavioral (instrumental) drug tolerance. However, there is little research comparing these two forms of drug tolerance beyond alcohol and morphine.Objective We examined the time course development of associative and behavioral tolerance to the analgesic effects of nicotine.Methods and results Associative tolerance was investigated by giving independent groups of rats one, five, 15, ten or 20 administrations of nicotine either explicitly paired or unpaired with a distinctive context. Associative tolerance, assessed in the tail flick, developed more rapidly and reached greater magnitude when nicotine and distinctive context were explicitly paired than when they were unpaired. This effect was evidenced after the fifth conditioning session and was maintained through the tenth, 15th, and 20th sessions. Contextual tolerance, assessed in the hot plate, was first evident after ten sessions. However, this effect disappeared safter 15 and 20 sessions. A second study examined the acquisition of behavioral tolerance to the disruptive effects of nicotine on the hot-plate response. Animals that practiced the test response while drugged developed greater tolerance than animals receiving as much nicotine and hot-plate practice but with these two conditions explicitly unpaired. This effect was evident in two different environments but did not generalize to the tail-flick test.Conclusions The findings suggest that contextual tolerance to drug effects is test specific, with tail-flick responses depending on cue-associative tolerance processes and hot-plate responses requiring procedures that allow the animal to practice the test response while drugged.     

Sitz Bath: Where Is the Evidence? Scientific Basis of a Common Practice

PURPOSE This study was designed to determine if evidence exists to justify and support the recommendation of sitz bath in the management of anorectal disorders. METHODS A Medline search was conducted using the key words “sitz bath” and “hot bath.” RESULTS Thirty-six articles were found which highlighted the physiology, benefits, risks, complications, and techniques of sitz bath. Most of the studies were published in gynecologic or nursing journals. One randomized study comparing sitz bath to placebo was found. Two articles speculated that sitz bath induces relaxation of the internal sphincter muscle. Cold sitz bath was reported to decrease perineal edema more than warm sitz bath, although patients tended to prefer the latter. Five articles reported complications of sitz bath, including dissemination of herpes, maternal–neonatal Streptococcus outbreak, and skin burns. CONCLUSION A review of the literature demonstrated a lack of scientific data to support the use of sitz bath in the treatment of anorectal disorders. Additional randomized and controlled clinical studies are needed to investigate whether this time consuming recommendation is beneficial to patients. Reprints are not available.     

Pilot evaluation of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes in women

Background. Hot flashes cause significant morbidity in postmenopausal women, including women with breast cancer. We undertook a pilot study to estimate the effectiveness of black cohosh to reduce hot flashes. Methods. Women who reported significant hot flashes (≥ 14 per week) were enrolled. Black cohosh was given in the form of the commercial product Remifemin. The first week was a no-treatment baseline period, and therapy was given for the subsequent 4 weeks. Hot flash data were collected by daily questionnaires during baseline and treatment weeks. Adverse effects were recorded. Results. Twenty-one women completed the study. Their mean age was 56 years (range, 38-80). Thirteen patients had a history of breast cancer. Six patients were taking tamoxifen or raloxifene. Patients reported an average of 8.3 hot flashes per day during the baseline week. The reduction in mean daily hot flash frequency was 50% (95% CI, 34%-65%), while weekly hot flash scores were reduced 56% (95% CI, 40%-71%) at completion of the study. Overall, patients reported less trouble with sleeping, less fatigue, and less abnormal sweating. No patients stopped therapy because of adverse effects. Conclusions. Black cohosh appeared to reduce hot flashes and had a low toxicity. The efficacy found in this trial seems to be more than would be expected by a placebo effect (20%-30% hot flash reduction in previous trials). These results suggest that further evaluation of this black cohosh preparation with a phase III randomized trial is indicated.