Correlates of county-level nonviral sexually transmitted infection hot spots in the US: application of hot spot analysis and spatial logistic regression

PurposeWe used a combination of hot spot analysis (HSA) and spatial regression to examine county-level hot spot correlates for the most commonly reported nonviral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the 48 contiguous states in the United States (US).MethodsWe obtained reported county-level total case rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis in all counties in the 48 contiguous states from national surveillance data and computed temporally smoothed rates using 2008–2012 data. Covariates were obtained from county-level multiyear (2008–2012) American Community Surveys from the US census. We conducted HSA to identify hot spot counties for all three STIs. We then applied spatial logistic regression with the spatial error model to determine the association between the identified hot spots and the covariates.ResultsHSA indicated that ≥84% of hot spots for each STI were in the South. Spatial regression results indicated that, a 10-unit increase in the percentage of Black non-Hispanics was associated with ≈42% (P < 0.01) [≈22% (P < 0.01), for Hispanics] increase in the odds of being a hot spot county for chlamydia and gonorrhea, and ≈27% (P < 0.01) [≈11% (P < 0.01) for Hispanics] for P&S syphilis. Compared with the other regions (West, Midwest, and Northeast), counties in the South were 6.5 (P < 0.01; chlamydia), 9.6 (P < 0.01; gonorrhea), and 4.7 (P < 0.01; P&S syphilis) times more likely to be hot spots.ConclusionOur study provides important information on hot spot clusters of nonviral STIs in the entire United States, including associations between hot spot counties and sociodemographic factors.     

Antioxidant activity of different white teas: Comparison of hot and cold tea infusions

The study investigates the antioxidant characteristics of various white teas steeped in either hot or room-temperature water in relation to grade of tea and brewing conditions. Antioxidant activity, chelating activity, total phenol (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), theaflavins and individual catechin content were examined. The results confirm that extraction of tea leaves carried out with water at room temperature leads to the formation of infusions particularly rich in compounds with antioxidant activity. In fact, for all the white teas studied, cold infusions had a higher content of phenols (4.77–7.63 mmol/L Gallic Acid Equivalents, GAE), flavonoids (1.47–2.53 mmol/L Catechin Equivalents, CE) and catechins (441.5–1328.2 μg/mL) compared to hot infusions (1.43–4.02 mmol/L GAE, 0.70–1.13 mmol/L CE, 83.4–534.8 μg/mL, respectively). The same trend was also observed for antioxidant activities examined using the ABTS assay (cold: 17.09–34.23; hot: 5.26–17.07 mmol/L Trolox Equivalents) and by monitoring the effects of the infusions on LDL oxidation (lag time, cold: 172.4–271.2; hot: 88.4–145.9 min). A general trend in antioxidant activity and in polyphenolic compound content can be delineated between Chinese teas, i.e. Bai Mu Dan ≥ Xue Ya ≥ White Lung Ching > Anji Needle Mao Feng > Yhin Zhen Bai Hao and between African teas, i.e. White Salima Peony > Thyolo Bsp > Bvumbwe Bsp. Concerning metal chelating activity, all the white teas displayed similar levels (0.3–0.6 mmol/L EDTA Equivalents) with no significant differences between the hot and cold infusions (except Bvumbwe Bsp and Thyolo Bsp). This paper contains key information on the antioxidant properties, TPC, TFC, and individual catechin content of several white teas commercially available and the outcomes suggest that preparing tea infused in room temperature water for approximately 2 h may constitute an alternative tea beverage potentially richer in healthful bioactive compounds compared to the more commonly consumed hot tea infusions.     

针刺肾俞五十七穴配合闪罐法治疗肝郁脾虚型肥胖并发高脂血症104例

目的 :探讨针刺肾俞穴配合闪罐法治疗肝郁脾虚型肥胖并发高脂血症的临床疗效。方法 :208例患者随机分为治疗组与对照组,每组104例,治疗组给予针刺肾俞穴配合闪罐法,对照组给予普通针刺治疗。观察两组患者治疗前后各项肥胖指标、血脂指标的变化,并统计临床疗效。结果:两组临床疗效总有效率分别为92.31%、74.04%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后治疗组与对照组在肥胖指标、血脂指标方面比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:针刺肾俞穴配合闪罐法治疗肥胖并发高脂血症具有减肥降脂双重作用,针刺肾俞穴配合闪罐法治疗肥胖并发高脂血症疗效优于普通针刺组。     

协定肢伤Ⅰ方口服、热敷治疗四肢闭合损伤大样本随机平行对照研究

[目的]观察协定肢伤I方口服热敷治疗四肢闭合损伤疗效。[方法]使用大样本随机平行对照方法,将2468例门诊及住院患者按掷骰子法随机分为两组。对照组1212例协定肢伤I方(红花、延胡索各15g,桃仁、川芎、赤芍、生三七粉另包冲服、当归、泽泻、桂枝、牛膝、山楂各10g),1剂/d,水煎300mL,早晚温服;蜡疗机熬化粗石蜡装塑料袋敷于患处,12h/次。治疗组1256例协定肢伤I方药渣加水送入湿热敷机内与敷布同煮30min,于伤后或术后24h将敷布外套棉布贴敷于伤处,30min/次,2次/d;协定肢伤I方口服同对照组。连续治疗7d为1疗程。观测临床症状、疼痛积分、肿胀指数、不良反应。治疗1疗程,判定疗效。[结果]治疗组痊愈922例,显效248例,有效63例,无效23例,总有效率98.16%。对照组痊愈705例,显效278例,有效105例,无效124例,总有效率89.76%。治疗组疗效优于对照组(P0.05)。相关指标两组均有改善(P0.05),治疗组改善优于对照组(P0.05)。[结论]协定肢伤I方口服热敷治疗四肢闭合损伤效果显著,值得推广。     

闪式提取法提取五味子醇溶性有效成分的工艺研究

目的：优化闪式提取法提取五味子醇溶性有效成分的最佳工艺。方法以五味子乙素含量为考察指标,通过单因素考察试验,首先确定影响因素的显著性及影响范围,采用正交实验设计方法,优化闪式提取五味子醇溶性有效成分的最佳工艺。结果最佳工艺条件：10倍量浓度为80％乙醇浸泡4 h,闪式提取100 s。结论闪式提取法是一种高效、快速、简单的提取方法,适合醇溶性有效成分的提取。     

角膜共焦显微镜对于肌萎缩侧索硬化症小纤维神经病变的临床研究

目的通过角膜共焦显微镜(CCM)评价肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者小纤维病变情况及其诊断价值。方法肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者57例, 为2015年6月至2016年2月北京大学第三医院神经内科门诊和住院患者, 男性37例、女性20例, 年龄24～80(52±11)岁。健康对照组30名, 男性21名、女性9名, 年龄23～76(55±13)岁。采用CCM量化分析角膜神经纤维的角膜神经纤维长度(NFL), 神经分支密度(NBD), 神经纤维密度(NFD), 神经纤维弯曲度(NFT), 并同时进行接触性热痛诱发电位(CHEP), 皮肤交感反射(SSR)等检查。计量资料用xˉ±s或M(Q₁, Q₃)表示;计量资料符合正态分布者组间比较用t检验, 偏态分布计量资料可用秩和检验等非参数检验, 计数资料分析用χ2检验。多因素计量资料相关分析用简单相关分析。所有统计分析采用SPSS 12.0软件处理。结果肌萎缩侧索硬化症组角膜NFL、NFD均显著低于健康对照组[(12.2±4.4)mm/mm2比(15.1±4.5)mm/mm2, P=0.028;(50.8±24.0)个/mm...     

多指标综合评分法优选甘草抗氧化活性成分闪式提取工艺

目的 建立最佳的甘草抗氧化活性成分闪式提取工艺.方法 应用多指标综合评分法,结合正交试验设计,以甘草总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除率和浸膏得率的综合评分为指标,考察甘草抗氧化活性成分闪式提取工艺.结果 最佳闪式提取工艺为90％乙醇,固液比1∶20(g/mL),提取次数3次,每次2min.结论 该工艺提取时间短、提取效率高,是一种简单、快速、实用的甘草抗氧化活性成分提取方法.