不同剂量瑞舒伐他汀在急性冠脉综合征合并糖尿病患者的疗效及安全性观察

目的：探讨不同剂量瑞舒伐他汀对急性冠脉综合征（ACS）合并糖尿病患者的临床疗效及对血清中高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、血糖的影响。方法选择2012年8月至2014年8月于我院心内科住院的164例ACS合并糖尿病患者,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组82例,在控制血糖和低脂饮食的基础上,试验组自入院始服用瑞舒伐他汀20 mg/d,对照组自入院始服用瑞舒伐他汀10mg/d,观察住院期间及4周12周血脂情况及肝肾功能、肌酶的变化,同时采用酶联免疫吸附法测定两组患者服用瑞舒伐他汀前后血清hs-CRP水平及血糖、HbA1c水平。结果患者住院期间及服瑞舒伐他汀4周12周后,LDL-C水平均有显著下降,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。转氨酶肌酶肝肾功能及肌溶解发生率方面差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）试验组与对照组治疗前后血清hs-CRP水平均显著降低,对照组入院时（19.68±12.62）mg/L,4周（12.69±10.59）mg/L,12周（10.07±9.63）mg/L;实验组入院时（19.70±12.50）mg/L,4周（11.23±8.64）mg/L,12周（8.32±7.59）mg/L,组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,血糖、HbA1c两组均无明显变化（P>0.05）。结论瑞舒伐他汀可显著降低ACS合并糖尿病患者LDL-C、血清hs-CRP水平,对血糖无明显影响,安全性好。     

负性调节葡萄糖转运对糖尿病小鼠视网膜微血管病变的抑制作用

目的 观察通过抑制视网膜上葡萄糖转运蛋白1 (glucose transporter-1,GLUT1)表达而减少葡萄糖转运进入视网膜对糖尿病小鼠微血管病变的影响.方法 36只8周龄C57BL/6小鼠按随机数字表法分为正常对照组、糖尿病对照组和GLUT1小干扰核糖核酸(siRNA)治疗组,每组12只.腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病模型后,GLUT1siRNA组予以玻璃体腔注射1μL靶向GLUT1的siRNA,正常对照组和糖尿病对照组注射等量非靶向性siRNA.建模成功后第21周,对3组小鼠行免疫印迹法检查视网膜GLUT1的表达并测定比较视网膜的含糖量,通过测定视网膜ICAM-1和TNF-α的表达及检查视网膜血管白细胞黏滞和血-视网膜内屏障渗漏以比较微血管病变程度.结果 GLUT1siRNA组GLUT1在神经视网膜层的表达较正常对照组表达约下降77.00％,仅为糖尿病对照组的8.07％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).尽管糖尿病对照组和GLUT1siRNA组视网膜组织含糖量均高于正常对照组,但GLUT1siRNA组小鼠视网膜含糖量为糖尿病对照组的50.05％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);糖尿病对照组和GLUT1siRNA组小鼠视网膜ICAM1和TNF-α的表达均高于正常对照组(P＜0.01),但这两个炎症因子在GLUT1siRNA组表达仅分别为糖尿病对照组的66.14％(P＜0.05)和54.76％(P＜0.01);同时我们发现糖尿病对照组较GLUT1siRNA组有更多的白细胞黏附在视网膜血管中,视网膜铺片发现糖尿病对照组较GLUT1siRNA组其荧光渗漏区域较多,且渗漏面积也较大.结论 GLUT1 siRNA通过抑制GLUT1表达,限制葡萄糖转运进入视网膜,从而降低视网膜含糖量,减轻了糖尿病视网膜的炎症反应和血-视网膜内屏障渗漏,对糖尿病视网膜病变可产生缓解作用.     

Comparing of Light Transmittance Aggregometry and Modified Thrombelastograph in Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Chinese Patients Undergoing Coronary Stenting with Clopidogrel

Background:

Several platelet function tests are currently used to measure responsiveness to antiplatelet therapy. This study was to compare two tests, light transmittance aggregometry (LTA) and modified thrombelastography (mTEG), for predicting clinical outcomes in Chinese patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods:

Prospective, observational, single-center study of 789 Chinese patients undergoing PCI was enrolled. This study was investigated the correlations between the two tests and performed receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) at 1-year follow-up.

Results:

MACEs occurred in 32 patients (4.1%). Correlations were well between the two tests in the adenosine diphosphate induced platelet reactivity (Spearman r = 0.733, P < 0.001). ROC-curve analysis demonstrated that LTA (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.677; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.643–0.710; P = 0.0009), and mTEG (AUC: 0.684; 95% CI: 0.650–0.716; P = 0.0001) had moderate ability to discriminate between patients with and without MACE. MACE occurred more frequently in patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) when assessed by LTA (7.4% vs. 2.7%; P < 0.001), and by TEG (6.7% vs. 2.6%; P < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that HPR based on the LTA and mTEG was associated with almost 3-fold increased risk of MACE at 1-year follow-up.

Conclusions:

The correlation between LTA and mTEG is relatively high in Chinese patients. HPR measured by LTA and mTEG were significantly associated with MACE in Chinese patients undergoing PCI.     

2010至2012年31省2120131名育龄妇女孕前营养指标趋势分析

目的 分析2010至2012年中国育龄妇女孕前营养状况的变化趋势.方法 研究人群为2010年1月1日至2012年12月31日参加“国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目”覆盖的31个省、市、自治区220个试点县的21～49岁育龄妇女,共2 120 131人.研究孕前营养指标主要包括体质量指数(BMI)、血红蛋白含量(HB)和空腹血糖(FBG).结果 2010至2012年总体上中国育龄妇女孕前平均HB含量持续升高,而孕前平均BM1和FBG水平呈逐年下降趋势.将3个孕前营养指标测定的结果均分为4类,各类构成人群均主要分布在25 ～34岁年龄组.孕前低BMI人群发生率逐年增加,从2010年10.4％(31 649/304307)增加到2012年14.14％(114 159/807 131);孕前超重人群及肥胖人群均在2012年发生率最低,分别为10.65％(85 984/807 131)和2.32％(18 735/807 131).孕前低血糖发生率由2010年5.45％(16 581/304307)降至2012年5.23％(42 199/807 131);孕前空腹血糖受损及糖尿病发生率逐年降低,分别从2010年3.17％ (9 652/304 307)和1.64％(4 982/304307)降至2012年2.71％(21 875/807 131)和1.05％(8 505/807 131).孕前轻度及中重度贫血的发生率在逐年下降,分别从2010年12.29％和0.95％降至2012年9.62％和0.78％;孕前高HB含量人群也呈现不断下降趋势.2010至2012年中国育龄妇女3个孕前营养指标的变化趋势在4个分类中均差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.001).结论 中国育龄妇女总体孕前营养状况良好,肥胖、贫血及糖尿病的发生率呈逐年下降趋势.     

左归降糖益肾方含药血浆对高糖培养小鼠足细胞凋亡及Caspase-12表达的影响

目的 探讨在高糖作用下,体外培养的小鼠足细胞凋亡及内质网应激凋亡因子Caspase-12 mRNA和蛋白表达水平的变化及左归降糖益肾方含药血浆的调控作用.方法 将体外培养的小鼠足细胞随机分为空白组(A组,25 mmol/L葡萄糖,10％空白血浆)、高糖组(B组,200 mmol/L葡萄糖,10％空白血浆)、左归降糖益肾方含药血浆组(C组,200 mmol/L葡萄糖,10％含药血浆),4-苯基丁酸含药血浆组(D组,200 mmol/L葡萄糖,10％含药血浆).培养48 h后,采用免疫荧光细胞化学法、流式细胞术检测足细胞凋亡情况;Western blot法、RT-PCR法分别检测Caspase-12蛋白或mRNA表达水平的变化.结果 与A组比较:在高糖状态下B组足细胞凋亡率、Caspase-12 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平均升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与B组比较:C组、D组足细胞凋亡率,Caspase-12 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平均降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与C组比较:D组足细胞凋亡率降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但Caspase-12 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 Caspase-12表达上调,是足细胞凋亡的分子机制之一;10％左归降糖益肾方含药血浆可能通过降低Caspase-12的表达水平,从而保护足细胞.     

牙周基础治疗对2型糖尿病伴牙周炎与超敏C-反应蛋白的影响

目的探讨牙周基础治疗对2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎患者超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)的影响.方法将76例2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎患者随机分为治疗组(常规降糖治疗+牙周基础治疗)、对照组(仅采用常规降糖治疗),疗程3月,检测治疗前后血清hs-CRP、Hb A1c水平.结果治疗组患者hs-CRP、Hb A1c、探诊深度(PD)、附着丧失(AL)显著下降(P<0.01).结论牙周基础治疗可以减轻2型糖尿病伴牙周炎患者微炎症及牙周炎病变程度,且对有效控制血糖有帮助.     

光动力治疗中央型支气管肺癌术后气道优质护理效果分析

目的:探讨接受光动力治疗中央型支气管肺癌患者术后进行优质气道护理的临床效果。方法:选取2011年1月至2014年1月收治的中央型支气管肺癌患者60例为研究对象,所有患者均接受光动力治疗方式,采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和实验组各30例,对照组接受常规气道吸痰护理,实验组接受优质气道护理方式,比较两组患者治疗前后生命体征、呼吸力学、并发症以及患者的满意度。结果:实验组患者的平均心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SPO2)及平均气道压(Pmean)明显小于对照组,患者发生肺不张、肺部感染的概率较低,且实验组患者治疗效果更优,各组统计结果均具有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:对接受光动力治疗中央型支气管肺癌患者进行术后优质气道护理可以明显提高患者的各项生命特征以及临床疗效,有效降低患者术后不良症状的发生。     

我院实施护士绩效考核管理的探索

目的:探讨建立科学高效的护理绩效考核方法,对调动临床护士的积极性,提高护理质量和患者满意度的影响。方法:制定护士绩效考核评价分配方案,设计护士工作绩效考核项目、具体内容及每项分值,进行量化考核,考核成绩与当月奖金挂钩并作为评先、评优的依据。结果:实施绩效考核后患者综合满意度、护理人员对奖金分配满意度有提高,与实施绩效考核前比较均有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论:实施护士绩效考核,激发护士工作积极性,提高了护理质量和患者满意度,进一步推进优质护理工作深入持久地开展。     

Metformin increases insulin sensitivity and basal glucose clearance in Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus

Abstract The effects of metformin on glycaemia, insulin and c-peptide levels, hepatic glucose production and insulin sensitivity (using the euglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic clamp) were evaluated at fortnightly intervals in 9 Type 2 diabetic patients using a stepwise dosing protocol: Stage 1 - no metformin for four weeks; stage 2 - metformin 500mg mane; stage 3 - metformin 500mg thrice daily; stage 4 – metformin 1000mg thrice daily. Results are expressed as Mean ± SEM. Fasting blood glucose decreased from basal values (9.7 ±1.0 mmol/L) by 13% at stage 2, 34% at stage 3 and 41% at stage 4 (p<0.02 vs basal for all stages; p<0.02 stage 2 vs stage 3). Post-prandial glycaemia was significantly improved only with metformin 3000mg/day (p<0.05). Fasting, meal-stimulated and total insulin and c-peptide levels showed no change. Hepatic glucose output did not change significantly with metformin. Insulin sensitivity, measured as total glucose utilisation during hyperinsulinaemia, increased from stage 1 (10.3 ± 2.1 μmoL/kg/min) by 23% at stage 3 (p < 0.05) and by 29% at stage 4 (p < 0.02). Basal metabolic clearance of glucose increased compared to stage 1 (1.69 ±0.16 mL/kg/min) by 30% at stage 2, 53% at stage 3 and 44% at stage 4 (all p <0.02). This study demonstrates that improved efficiency of glucose utilisation, both basally and under conditions of euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia, is the basis of metformin's antihyperglycaemic action.     

Fasting proinsulin and 2-h post-load glucose levels predict the conversion to NIDDM in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: The Hoorn Study

Summary The aims of the present study were to observe the natural history of impaired glucose tolerance and to identify predictors for development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). A survey of glucose tolerance was conducted in subjects aged 50–74 years, randomly selected from the registry of the middle-sized town of Hoorn in the Netherlands. Based on the mean values of two oral glucose tolerance tests subjects were classified in categories of glucose tolerance according to the World Health Organization criteria. All subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (n=224) were invited to participate in the present study, in which 70% (n=158) were subsequently enrolled. During follow-up subjects underwent a repeated paired oral glucose tolerance test. The mean follow-up time was 24 months (range 12–36 months). The cumulative incidence of NIDDM was 28.5% (95% confidence interval 15–42%). Age, sex, and anthropometric and metabolic characteristics at baseline were analysed simultaneously as potential predictors of conversion to NIDDM using multiple logistic regression. The initial 2-h post-load plasma glucose levels and the fasting proinsulin levels were significantly (p<0.05) related to the incidence of NIDDM. Anthropometric characteristics, the 2-h post-load specific insulin levels and the fasting proinsulin/fasting insulin ratio were not related to the incidence of NIDDM. These results suggest that beta-cell dysfunction rather than insulin resistance plays the most important role in the future development of diabetes in a high-risk Caucasian population.Abbreviations IGT Impaired glucose tolerance - NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - OGTT oral glucose tolerance test - CI confidence interval - W/H ratio waist/hip ratio - BMI body mass index - OR odds ratio