HRCT扫描及重建技术诊断耳部病变的临床应用

目的：探讨CT高分辨率（high resolution CT,HRCT）扫描或重建及后处理技术在耳部疾病检查中的优越性。方法：对34例耳疾病人先进行常规CT检查后,又对其进行HRCT重建或扫描,并对图像行容积重建（volume reconstruction,VR）、多平面重建（multiplanar reconstruction,MPR）等后处理技术重建出二、三维图像。结果：34例病人常规CT扫描与高分辨率重建（扫描）及后处理技术的对比,常规CT中漏诊中耳炎11例,漏诊骨折4例;通过HRCT重建或扫描及后处理技术后对中耳炎、骨折及先天发育异常可进行详细的分型。常规CT扫描与HRCT重建（扫描）经配对t检验图像质量有差异性。结论：对疑有耳疾的病人,正确而熟练地应用HRCT扫描或重建及图像后处理技术,能明确诊断,减少误诊。     

Bronchoalveolar cellularity and interleukin-8 levels in measles bronchiolitis obliterans

BACKGROUND: Measles virus infection may progress to a chronic obstructive process including bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). This study investigates pulmonary cellular profiles and interleukin (IL)-8 levels in patients with BO following the measles. METHODS: BAL fluid was obtained from 12 children with BO who had a history of measles pneumonia during an outbreak in 2000 and 2001. BAL cell counts and differentials were compared to control patients as well as BAL IL-8 levels, which were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemical staining of BAL cells and three open-lung biopsy specimens were also analyzed for T-cell surface markers CD3, CD4, and CD8. RESULTS: BAL cellular profiles were characterized by a significantly increased percentage of neutrophils in the measles BO group (median, 16.0%) compared to the control group (2.3%) [p < 0.01]. BAL IL-8 levels were also markedly increased in the measles BO group (mean +/- SD, 418.6 +/- 286.0 pg/mL) compared to the control group (92.8 +/- 126.7 pg/mL) [p < 0.01]. BAL IL-8 levels correlated significantly with neutrophil percentages in both the measles BO group (r = 0.86, p = 0.000) and the control group (r = 0.79, p = 0.007). The lymphocyte subsets were characterized by a significantly increased number of CD8+ cells, resulting in a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio in the BAL and the biopsy specimens. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that pulmonary neutrophils and IL-8, along with CD8+ T lymphocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of BO after measles virus infection.     

Oral cyclophosphamide improves pulmonary function in scleroderma patients with fibrosing alveolitis: experience in one centre

Lung involvement constitutes nowadays the major cause of morbidity and mortality in scleroderma patients. Pulmonary fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is thought to be the consequence of interstitial inflammation. Early diagnosis and treatment of active alveolitis is essential to prevent the deterioration of pulmonary function, improving outcome in SSc patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of 1-year treatment with oral cyclophosphamide (CYC) on the evolution of interstitial lung disease in scleroderma patients with a diagnosis of active alveolitis. An open-label one-arm monocenteric study was conducted on 33 scleroderma patients with active alveolitis—defined as the presence of areas of ‘ground-glass attenuation’ on high-resolution computed tomography and a recent deterioration in lung function—treated with oral CYC 2 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ for 1 year and medium-low dose steroids (prednisone 25 mg for 3 months and then tapered to 5 mg/day). Results showed that diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) values remained stable after 6 months of treatment and significantly increased after 12 months (2.06±1.38, 2.21±1.62 and 2.39±1.64 mmol/min/kPa, at baseline/6/12 months, respectively; p<0.001 12th month vs baseline) vital capacity (VC) values slightly increased (i.e. stabilised) in the same time frame (2.46±0.71, 2.41±0.76 and 2.56±0.75 l). Accordingly, the vast majority of our patients (n=29, 87.9%) presented a DLco and/or a VC improvement or stabilisation with respect to baseline. Favourable results were more likely to be observed in patients with a lower Wells’ radiological grade (grade I). In 25 patients followed up for further 12 months after the interruption of therapy, VC and DLco remained stable. Thus, long-term therapy with oral CYC is effective in ameliorating and/or stabilising lung function in scleroderma patients with active alveolitis, with beneficial effects lasting up to 1 year after interruption. The higher efficacy in those patients with an early pulmonary disease stage and a lower radiological grade underlies the importance of an early diagnosis and intervention.     

Oesophageal dilatation on high‐resolution CT chest in systemic sclerosis: What does it signify?

Objective: To evaluate the significance of oesophageal dilatation on high‐resolution CT (HRCT) chest in patients with systemic sclerosis. Methods: We retrospectively retrieved the database of patients with systemic sclerosis seen at our hospital between January 2008 and January 2009. A total of 50 patients (46 women and four men) who had HRCT chest, pulmonary function testing and echocardiography within 1 month were included in the study. Peak pulmonary artery (PA) pressures and pulmonary function testing were charted. The HRCT chest was interpreted by a chest radiologist. Oesophageal dilatation was defined as a luminal coronal diameter of ≥9 mm in infra‐aortic oesophagus. Extent of ground glass, reticulation and honeycombing was objectively scored. Results: Statistical analysis using independent t‐test showed that diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide was significantly lower (P = 0.042) and peak PA pressures were significantly higher (P = 0.045) in patients with oesophageal dilatation (n = 29) as compared with those without oesophageal dilatation (n = 21). The two cohorts had no significant difference in their total lung capacity and HRCT determined extent of interstitial lung disease. Conclusion: Patients with oesophageal dilatation on HRCT chest had significantly lower diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide and higher peak PA pressures, which suggest that these patients tend to have more severe pulmonary vascular disease.     

颅底骨折的影像学诊断进展

颅脑外伤合并颅底骨折是神经外科的常见危重病,由于颅底解剖结构复杂、形态各异,传统的影像学,如×线、常规CT对颅底骨折的诊断率不高,易造成临床漏诊,HBOT薄层扫描及高分辨重建后,由于层面薄、无重叠干扰,图像分辨率高,提高诊断的准确性并制定治疗计划,提高手术准确性及手术疗效。     

HRCT和3D重建对外伤性视神经管骨折的诊断价值

目的探讨高分辨率CT（HECT）及三维（3D）重建技术对视神经管骨折的临床应用价值。方法对36例外伤性视神经损伤者行视神经管高分辨率CT扫描及三维重建,并对骨折的CT表现进行分析。30例骨折行视神经管减压术。结果36例中29只眼视神经管骨折,内壁骨折21只眼,占724％,下壁骨折12只眼,占41．4％。视神经管骨折可分为3型：①管内型（25例）;②管外型（6例）,又分颅口型和眶口型两个亚型;③混合型（5例）。本组56例中30例有眶壁骨折,占83．3％。结论应用高分辨率CT扫描及三维重建技术,能够清晰地显示视神经管的结构,对视神经管骨折进行有效的诊断,有助于临床上把握手术时机,及早制定合理的治疗方案。     

涂阳活动性肺结核患者HRCT评分与细菌学及免疫学相关性分析

目的探讨HRCT评分标准在诊断活动性肺结核中的应用价值。方法对42例痰涂阳性肺结核患者,进行HRCT检查和评分,每侧肺组织划分为为三个区域,分别对各类型CT征象所累及范围进行评分;分析评分结果与痰细菌学检查结果和外周血结核菌特异性IFN—y水平之间的相关性。结果根据结核菌涂片结果分为4组,其中,AFB（＋）12例、AFB（＋＋）11例、AFB（＋＋＋）10例、AFB（＋＋＋＋）9例,相关性分析显示（1）HRCT总评分与痰阳性分级有正相关性（r=0．9661 P〈0．0001）：（2）HRCT总评分与结核菌抗原ESAT6、P4-6、P8．10特异性IFN—y释放水平均呈正相关（r=0．4805,P=0．0017,r=0．4451,P=0．0083,r=0．4211,P=0．0131）。结论以活动性肺结核患者复杂的CT征象的范围为基础的HRCT评分标准与细菌学及免疫学均呈正相关,表明该HRCT评分标准对临床诊断治疗和疗效判定具有一定指导意义。     

高原性肺内结节的HRCT分析

目的：探讨高原地区肺内结节性病灶的CT表现,利用HRCT薄层扫的特点,提高CT对肺内结节性病灶的定性诊断。方法：分析HRCT薄层扫描对病灶的筛选,经CT导引下穿刺活检和手术病理证实。结果：肺内结节灶86例,良性结节10例,恶性结节76例。结论：HRCT是检查筛肺内结节性病灶的最理想和最有效的检查方法。     

界面影像分布特征在周围型肺癌定性诊断中的作用

目的　探讨周围型肺癌瘤周高分辨率CT(HRCT)的的影像分布特征及诊断价值。方法　分析病理确诊的 37例周围型肺癌的瘤周HRCT的影像分布特征 ,并随机选择 2 3例肺良性结节作对照。双盲法观察肺结节瘤 -肺交界区向心侧 (近端 )和离心侧 (远端 )HRCT的表现 :①模糊或 /和毛糙 ;②毛刺影 ;③光整。寻找其分布特征 ,确定 3种HRCT表现、分布特征及肺段水平支气管改变与良、恶性肺内结节的关系。结果　瘤 -肺交界区HRCT表现为远端模糊或 /和毛糙、毛刺影 ,周围型肺癌 79% ,肺良性结节 2 2 % (Ρ <0 .0 5) ;光整 ,周围型肺癌 1 4 % ,良性结节 74% (Ρ <0 .0 5) ,部分病例可同时具有两种或两种以上HRCT征象。周围型肺癌肺段水平支气管阻塞、狭窄发生率明显高于良性病灶 (Ρ <0 .0 5)。结论　瘤 -肺交界区HRCT的模糊或 /和毛糙、毛刺影等影像改变的不对称性远端优势分布 ,对≤ 3 .5cm的周围型肺癌的定性诊断有重要价值。其发生原因与病灶阻塞支气管的通气性有关     

Correlation between clinical features,high-resolution computed tomography findings,and a visual scoring system in patients with pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Background

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is the primary cause of community-acquired pneumonia. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between clinical features, with special reference to hypoxemia and the total affected area obtained using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT).