转座子tnpU基因在多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌中的分布情况

目的研究转座子tnpU基因和β-内酰胺酶在多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌中的分布情况。方法用纸片扩散初筛试验、扩散确证试验进行超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）表型检查,头孢西丁三维试验进行AmpC β-内酰胺酶的表型检查,纸片协同试验筛选产金属β-内酰胺酶（MBL）菌株;用多重聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术扩增转座子tnpU基因,并进行DNA测序;用MIC药敏法分析多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌的药物敏感性。结果转座子tnpU的总检出率为25．5％。在各菌种的检出率分别为大肠埃希菌占6.3％（3株）、肺炎克雷伯菌占8．3％（1株）、鲍曼不动杆菌占33-3％（20株）、铜绿假单胞菌占43．2％（16株）;β-内酰胺酶表型检测中,ESBLs的检出率最高,转座子tnpU基因阳性的菌株大多数B．内酰胺酶表型为阳性;转座子tnpU基因阳性菌株对抗生素的耐药率显著高于转座子阴性菌株（P〈0．05）。结论转座子tnpU基因在非发酵菌中的分布较广泛,可能在多重耐药机制中起重要作用。     

常见革兰阴性杆菌氨基糖苷修饰酶基因的初步研究

目的了解浙江省绍兴地区常见对氨基糖苷类药物耐药的革兰阴性杆菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶aac(3)-I[编码:3-乙酰转移酶-I]、aac(6')-Ⅱ[编码:6'-乙酰转移酶-Ⅱ、ant(3")-I[编码:3"-核苷转移酶-I]、aph(3')-Ⅳ[编码:3'-磷酸转移酸-Ⅳ]存在状况。方法收集21株铜绿假单胞菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌等耐氨基糖苷类药物的革兰阴性杆菌进行4种基因PCR检测。结果3株鲍曼不动杆菌均检出aac(3)-I和ant(3")-I基因;3株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌中有1株检出ant(3")-I基因,经对PCR产物测序测得序列与美国GenBanK核酸库中已登陆的ant(3")-I基因序列一致。结论浙江绍兴耐氨基糖苷类药物的鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌存在aac(3)-I和/或an(t3")-I基因。而其它耐药菌可能存在本研究所检测的4种基因以外的基因。     

以皮肤损害为特征表现的创伤弧菌感染23例

目的 探讨以皮肤损害为特征表现的创伤弧菌感染患者的临床特点、治疗和转归。方法 回顾性分析1996-2008年以皮肤损害为特征表现的创伤弧菌感染23例患者的临床资料。结果 23例患者中,男15例,女8例。其中15例有慢性乙型病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝病史。17例发病前1周有生吃牡蛎等海鲜史。该病起病急,初发症状以下肢肿胀、疼痛、大疱、血疱。13例疱液培养检出创伤弧菌,9例同时血培养检出创伤弧菌;2例坏死组织培养出创伤弧菌。病理组织学特点为细胞空泡样变性、坏死,间质可见中性粒细胞浸润,血管壁呈炎症性改变,细胞内可见细菌。电镜:真皮细胞内外见众多散在分布的圆形或弧形微生物及细菌鞭毛。1996年5月至2000年5月共收治7例,无1例存活。2000年7月至2003年10月收治6例,死亡4例,存活2例。2004年5月至2008年10月共收治10例,6例存活。结论 早期识别皮肤损害,及早、及时处理是治疗创伤弧菌感染的关键,能够提高患者生存率。     

早期联合测定炎症因子对不同病原菌血流感染的鉴别诊断价值

目的 探讨早期联合测定外周血降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和内毒素对不同病原菌血流感染的脓毒症鉴别诊断的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年12月首都医科大学附属世纪坛医院ICU血培养阳性的脓毒症患者152例,根据血培养结果分革兰阴性杆菌与革兰阳性球菌及真菌血流感染组,分别观察患者入科后第1天的外周血PCT、CRP、内毒素和三者联合后的水平在早期诊断的价值.结果 (1)共收集血流感染病例152例,革兰阴性菌共93例(61.18％),以肺炎克雷伯氏菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主;革兰阳性菌43例(28.29％),金黄色葡萄球菌13例(8.55％);真菌16例(10.53％).(2)对三组患者的炎症指标进行比较,革兰阴性菌组内毒素阳性60例(64.52％),革兰阳性菌及真菌组均未检测到内毒素阳性值.革兰阴性菌PCT为7.760 (3.365,28.585) ng/mL,革兰阳性菌为0.705 (0.265,3.225) ng/mL,真菌为1.245 (0.543,1.998) ng/mL,三组间差异具有统计学意义;CRP在革兰阴性菌为(126.01±66.53) mg/L,革兰阳性菌(77.58±54.21) mg/L,真菌(140.14±71.21) mg/L,血流感染真菌组升高更为明显.(3)比较各细菌组的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)的诊断效应,区分革兰阳性菌组和真菌组的ROC曲线显示,AUCPCT+CRP=0.791,PCT截点为0.92 ng/mL,CRP截点为68.00 mg/L,敏感性为50％,特异性为95.5％;区分革兰阴性菌组和真菌组的ROC曲线显示:AUCPCT+CRP+LPS=0.947,PCT截点为2.16ng/mL,CRP截点为94.10 mg/L时,内毒素阳性为截点,敏感性为82.8％,特异性为100％;区分革兰阴性菌组和革兰阳性菌组的ROC曲线显示AUCPCT+CRP+LPS=90.2％,PCT截点为2.68 ng/mL,CRP截点为106.5 mg/L,内毒素阳性为截点,敏感性为74.2％,特异性为97.7％.结论 重症监护病房的血流感染仍以革兰阴性菌为主,早期联合外周血PCT、CRP、内毒素检测,与单一炎症因子相比,可明显提高对不同病原菌血流感染脓毒症患者早期诊断的敏感性和特异性.     

2010年CMSS对革兰阴性杆菌耐药性监测报告

目的 监测2010年中国革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性.方法 收集2010年9-12月全国13家教学医院的1 259株非重复的革兰阴性杆菌.菌株经中心实验室复核后,采用琼脂稀释法测定美罗培南等广谱抗菌药物的MIC.药敏结果判断采用CLSI 2011年M100-S21标准.结果 14种抗菌药物对845株肠杆菌科细菌的抗菌活性,敏感性依次为美罗培南829株(98.1％)、阿米卡星794株(94.0％)、亚胺培南761株(90.0％)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦739株(87.5％)、头孢吡肟701株(83.0％)、厄他培南696株(82.4％)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦678株(80.3％)、黏菌素637株(75.4％)、头孢他啶591株(70.0％)、环丙沙星499株(59.1％)、头孢西丁463株(54.8％)、头孢曲松452株(53.5％)、头孢噻肟442株(52.3％)、米诺环素435株(51.5％).大肠埃希菌中ESBL的发生率为61.3％ (106/173),高于肺炎克雷伯菌[41.2％ (70/170)].大肠埃希菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦保持较好的敏感性,而对环丙沙星、头孢曲松和头孢噻肟的耐药率较高.肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星和黏菌素的敏感率均保持在90％以上,而对头孢曲松和头孢噻肟的耐药率较高.阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、弗劳地柠檬酸菌,对美罗培南、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、厄他培南的敏感率都保持在80.0％以上.对于铜绿假单胞菌敏感性较高的药物为黏菌素(98.4％,182株)、阿米卡星(85.9％,159株)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(80.0％,148株)、头孢他啶(79.5％,147株)、美罗培南(74.1％,137株)、环丙沙星(74.1％,137株)、头孢吡肟(73.5％,136株)、亚胺培南(71.9％,132株)和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(70.8％,131株).鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类的敏感率小于37.0％,对米诺环素敏感率为47.8％.97.8％(176株)的鲍曼不动杆菌对黏菌素敏感,泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌发生率分别为60.1％(108株)和18.9％(35株).结论 碳青霉烯类对肠杆菌科仍保持高活性,但鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性增加,鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药性显著增加.     

四川省细菌耐药监测网2011年川西地区细菌耐药性监测数据分析

目的总结分析川西地区6个市(州)17家医院2011年度临床分离病原菌的分布及对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法采用K-B法或自动化仪器分析法对临床分离细菌进行药物敏感试验,依据CLSI 2010年标准,采用WHO-NET5.4软件进行统计分析。结果共分离出病原菌株20079株,其中革兰阴性菌14454株,占分离菌的71.99%;革兰阳性菌5625株,占分离菌的28.01%。前10位病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎链球菌、屎肠球菌、流感嗜血杆菌。肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南仍保持较高的敏感率(>93.0%)。未检测到万古霉素及利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌对替考拉宁和万古霉素耐药率分别为1.30%和0.70%,屎肠球菌为5.40%和4.00%。结论产超光谱β内酰胺酶的发酵菌及多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌呈逐年上升趋势。耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)和耐糖肽类的肠球菌是抗菌药物治疗中的难点。临床应根据细菌的耐药表型和药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

Laparoscopic findings in female genital tuberculosis

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the laparoscopic findings in genital tuberculosis (TB). METHODS: A total of 85 women of genital TB, who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy for infertility or chronic pelvic pain were enrolled in this retrospective study conducted in our unit at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India from September 2004 to 2007. RESULTS: The mean age was 28.2 years and the mean parity was 0.24. Most women were from poor socioeconomic status (68.1%). Past history of TB was seen in 29 (34.1%) women with pulmonary TB in 19 (22.35%) women and extrpulmonary in 10 (11.7%) women. Most women presented with infertility (90.6% primary 72.9%; secondary 17.6%) while the rest had chronic pelvic pain (9.4%). The mean duration of infertility was 6.2 years. A total of 49 (57.6%) women had normal menses, while hypomenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea and menorrhagia were seen in 25 (30.1%), 3 (3.5%), 5 (5.9%), and 2 (2.4%) women respectively. Diagnosis of genital TB was made by histopathological evidence of TB granuloma in 16 (18.8%) (Endometrial biopsy in 12.9%, laparoscopy biopsy in 5.9%) women, demonstration of acid fast bacilli (AFB) on microscopy in 2(2.3%), positive AFB culture in 2 (2.3%), positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 55 (64.7%) and laparoscopic findings of genital TB in 40 (47.1%). The various findings on laparoscopy were tubercles on peritoneum (12.9%) or ovary (1.2%), tubovarian masses (7.1%), caseous nodules (5.8%), encysted ascitis in 7.1% women. Various grades of pelvic adhesions were seen in 56(65.8%) women. The various findings on fallopian tubes were normal looking tubes in (7.1%), inability to visualize in 12(14.1%), presence of tubercles on tubes in 3 (3.52%), caseous granuloma in 3 (3.52%), hydrosalpinx in 15 (17.6%) (Right tube 11.7%, left tube 5.9%), pyosalphinx in 3 (3.5%) on right tube and 2 (2.35%) in left tube, beaded tube in 3 (3.5%) on right tube, 4 (4.7%) in left tube with tobacco pouch appearance in 2 (2.35%) women. The right tube was patent in 9 (10.6%) while left tube was patent in 10(11.7%) cases only, while they were either not seen (absent in one case due to previous salphingectomy, inability to see due to adhesion in 14.12%) or blocked at various sites with cornual end being most common in 3 (3.5%) showing multiple block in right tube and 4.7% in left tube. CONCLUSION: There is a significant pelvic morbidity and tubal damage in genital tuberculosis.     

Experimental Study on the Antibacterial Effect of Origanum Volatile Oil on Dysentery Bacilli In Vivo and In Vitro

To observe the germistatic and germicidal effects of origanum volatile oil (OVI) on the dysentery bacteria, the abdominal cavity of mice was infected with Shigella sonne (Sh. sonnei) and Shigella flexneri (Sh. flexneri) F2a. After OVI was given to the mice via gastric lavage, the effects of OVI on the infected mice were observed. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) for dysentery bacteria were determined in vitro. The resuits showed that origanum volatile oil showed obvious protective effect on mice infected with Sh. sonnei and Sh. flexneri F2a. and it had germistatic and germicidal effects on dysentry bacteria. We are led to conclude that origanum volatile oil is an effective medicine against the infection of dysentery bacteria.     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa countrywide outbreak in hospitals linked to pre-moistened non-sterile washcloths,Norway, October 2021 to April 2022

In November 2021, a clonal outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa of novel sequence type ST3875 was detected in three patients who died of bloodstream infections in one hospital. By 25 April 2022, the outbreak included 339 cases from 38 hospitals across Norway. Initial hospital reports indicate Pseudomonas infection as the main contributing cause in seven deaths. In March 2022, the outbreak strain was identified in non-sterile pre-moistened disposable washcloths, used to clean patients, from three lots from the same international manufacturer.