Serum insulin, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and gallstone disease among type 2 diabetics in Chinese population: A community-based study in Kinmen, Taiwan

AIM: To explore the association of serum insulin, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction with gallstone disease (GSD) in type 2 diabetics.METHODS: We used a community-based study conducted between 1991 and 1993 in Kinmen, Taiwan to identify type 2 diabetics. A screening program for GSD was performed in 2001 by a panel of specialists who employed real-time ultrasound sonography to examine the abdominal region after the patient had fasted for at least 8 h. Screening was conducted in 2001 on 848patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The HOMA method was used to compare the profile differences for insulin resistance (HOMA IR) and β-cell dysfunction (HOMA β-cell).RESULTS: We studied 440 type 2 diabetics who attended sonography check-ups. After excluding eight insulin-treated diabetics, the prevalence of GSD among the remaining 432 was 13.9% (26/187) among males and 14.7% (36/245) among females. After adjustment for other GSD-associated risk factors in addition to age and obesity, GSD risk increased among females with levels of serum insulin [4th vs 1st quartile odds ratios (OR)= 4.46 (95%CI: 1.71-11.66)] and HOMA IR [4th vs 1st quartile OR = 4.46 (95% CI: 1.71-11.66)]. Better HOMA β-cell function was significantly related to decreased risk of GSD [4th vs 1st quartile OR = 0.16 (95% CI: 0.03-1.70)].Among males, age and central obesity were the most significant risk factors for GSD. No association of GSD with serum insulin, HOMA IR, and HOMA β-cell was observed among males.CONCLUSION: Serum insulin, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction are risk factors for GSD in females, but not males with type 2 diabetes.     

胆结石患者血清和胆汁幽门螺杆菌相关蛋白免疫印迹检测

目的：研究幽门螺杆菌（HP）感染与胆石形成的关系。方法：采用聚合酶链免疫吸附法（ELISA）对胆结石患者的血清及胆汁免疫球蛋白IgG,IgA,IgM标本进行检测，对血清学及胆汁IgG均阳性患者的胆汁，采用免疫印迹法（Western blot)进行HP感染相关蛋白检测。结果：胆结石组50例患者中血清学及胆汁IgG均阳性者29例（58.0%)，另取非胆结石组13例作为对照，胆结石组与非胆结石组血清及胆汁HP免疫印迹检测，均可检出4种主要HP感染相关蛋白，但胆结石组血清及胆汁中UreA检出率较非胆结石组高。结论：胆汁中存在多种HP感染相关蛋白，并可能参与胆结石的形成。     

Pathophysiological significance of gallbladder volume changes in gallstone diseases

AIM: To study the pathophysiological significance of gallbladder volume (GBV) and ejection fraction changes in gallstone patients.METHODS: The fasting GBV of gallstone patients with acute cholecystitis (n = 99), chronic cholecystitis (n = 85) and non-gallstone disease (n = 240) were measured by preoperative computed tomography. Direct saline injection measurements of GBV after cholecystectomy were also performed. The fasting and postprandial GBV of 65 patients with gallstones and chronic cholecystitis and 5...     

中老年非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者胆石症与代谢危险因素关系探讨

目的 收集中老年非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者资料,探讨NAFLD患者合并胆石症(GD)的危险因素。方法 2018年1月～2020年12月在健康体检过程中发现的NAFLD患者216例,随机选择同期无NAFLD的健康体检者200例,使用超声检查诊断NAFLD和GD,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,以确定与NAFLD合并GD相关的独立危险因素。结果 在216例NAFLD患者中,发现合并GD 52例,未合并GD 164例;GD组年龄为(62.4±11.3)岁,显著大于非GD组【(54.2±9.0)岁, P<0.05】,GD组糖尿病发生率为23.1%,与非GD组的12.8%比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),GD组舒张压为(87.5±10.2)mmHg,显著高于非GD组【(75.5±9.9)mmHg, P<0.05】,GD组FBG和HDL-C水平分别为(7.2±1.5)mmol/L和(1.0±0.3)mmol/L,与非GD组的【(6.0±1.7)mmol/L和(1.3±0.3)mmol/L】比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);GD组糖尿病、高血压、BMI和舒张压分别为23.1%、61.5%、(26.1±2.3)kg/m²和(87.5±10.2)mmHg,与健康人【分别为9.5%、41.0%、(23.2±2.7)kg/m²和(72.2±9.8)mmHg】比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);GD组FBG、ALT、AST、TG、TC、LDL-C和HDL-C水平分别为(7.2±1.5)mmol/L、(48.4±8.5)U/L、(54.5±6.3)U/L、(4.9±1.0)mmol/L、(5.2±1.0)mmol/L、(3.5±0.7)mmol/L和(1.0±0.3)mmol/L,与健康人【分别为(5.4±1.3)mmol/L、(17.7±9.6)U/L、(18.5±7.0)U/L、(1.3±0.7)mmol/L、(4.8±1.1)mmol/L、(2.1±0.6)mmol/L和(1.6±0.3)mmol/L】比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);应用二项分类变量Logistic回归模型对上述具有显著性差异的指标进行逐步回归分析,结果提示年龄、糖尿病、FBG、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C为NALFD患者合并GD的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。结论 在患有NAFLD的中老年群体中,FBG升高或HDL-C降低会增加发生GD的风险。加强对健康体检者的宣教,早期发现合并的糖尿病或FBG升高和血脂异常,及时行超声检查,以早期发现合并的GD,减少急腹症的发生。     

Hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in Japanese patients with cholesterol gallstones

In Japan the composition of gallstones is changing rapidly from the once-predominant brownpigment stones to cholesterol ones. The present work was undertaken to clarify the mechanism of cholesterol supersaturated bile production in Japanese patients with cholesterol gallstones. In 26 non-obese and normolipidemic patients (11 with cholesterol gallstones, 8 with black- or brown-pigment gallstones, 7 without gallstones) a liver biopsy and hepatic bile were surgically obtained under standardized conditions. The cholesterol saturation of hepatic bile was significantly higher in cholesterol gallstone patients than in gallstone-free controls (195 ±10 vs. 146 ±8%, respectively; P < 0.01). The microsomal activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis, and 7 α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 12 α-hydroxylase (12 α-hydroxylase), the rate-limiting enzyme for cholic acid synthesis, were assayed simultaneously in the same subjects. There were positive correlations between HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase activities (Rs = 0.62, P < 0.005), and between cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase and 12 α-hydroxylase activities (Rs = 0.44, P < 0.05) in all subjects, irrespective of the existence of gallstones. The activities of the three rate-limiting enzymes did not differ significantly among the three groups (cholesterol stone, pigment stone and stone-free). In conclusion, the cholesterol supersaturation of hepatic bile in nonobese and normolipidemic Japanese patients with cholesterol gallstones does not result from an increased hepatic cholesterol synthesis or a decreased bile acid synthesis. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 02454226) from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan, and a grant from University of Tsukuba Project Research.     

Segmental chronic cholecystitis: sonographic findings and clinical manifestations

Background: In chronic cholecystitis, the gallbladder (GB) wall is usually evenly involved, whereas marked segmental thickening of the GB wall (segmental cholecystitis) seldom is reported. We wanted to define its clinical manifestations and sonographic (US) findings. Methods: We reviewed the clinical and US data of 13 cases and compared these results with those of 30 patients with chronic cholecystitis with evenly thickened GB walls (usual-cholecystitis group). Results: (a) All cases of segmental cholecystitis showed the portion distal to the kinking to be markedly thickened. (b) The thickened portion corresponded to the fundus in three cases, the body and fundus in seven cases, and the fundus, body, and infundibulum in three cases; and the thickened distal portion contained many stones in 11 cases. (c) There was no difference in the maximal diameters of the GB walls between the segmental-cholecystitis group and the usual-cholecystitis group. However, there was a significant difference in the minimal diameters of the GB walls between groups. Conclusion: Knowledge of the US findings and clinical presentations of segmental cholecystitis can help in the development of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Received: 22 February 2001/Accepted: 21 March 2001     

Evaluation of Blood Tests to Predict Normal Gastric Mucosa

Background: To determine the accuracy of blood tests in predicting normal gastric mucosa confirmed by histological examination of gastric biopsy specimens. Methods: In total, 207 consecutive patients referred for upper endoscopy were included. Two biopsy specimens each from the antrum and corpus were assessed histologically for the presence of Helicobacter pylori, gastritis, and atrophy. Serum samples were studied for H. pylori antibodies by enzyme immunoassay (Pyloriset EIA-G and EIA-A) and by a rapid latex agglutination test (Pyloriset Dry); pepsinogen I was measured by an immunoenzymometric assay (Gastroset PGI), gastrin by radioimmunoassay, and parietal cell antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Results: In 101 (49%) of 207 patients, the gastric mucosa on histologic examination was normal. In the 63 patients aged 45 years or less, H. pylori IgG serology was negative in all 47 patients with normal gastric mucosa and none had low serum pepsinogen I levels. Among 144 patients over age 45 years, 72 had negative H. pylori IgG serology. Combining the serum pepsinogen I assay with the results of H. pylori IgG serology, 12 patients with normal serology but low serum pepsinogen I were found. Thus, 60 patients, 52 of whom showed normal gastric histology, had normal IgG serology and serum pepsinogen I. In the remaining eight patients with normal blood tests, the histologic changes were very mild. Conclusions: Although negative H. pylori IgG serology alone in younger patients, and in combination with normal serum pepsinogen I levels in older patients, reliably predicted the presence of normal gastric mucosa, gastroscopy is still recommended for patients over 45 years.     

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目的 提高对胆石性肠梗阻的认识，及时明确诊断和手术治疗。方法 回顾性分析１３例胆石性肠梗阻的临床及影像学资料。结果 １３例均经手术治愈，仅３例术前确诊为胆石性肠梗阻。结论 滚动性梗阻是胆石性肠梗阻的特征，及时的Ｂ超和Ｘ线检查有助于早期明确诊断，手术解除结石梗阻是唯一的治疗手段。     

Biliary extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

Biliary extracorporeal lithotripsy has been considered one of the alternatives to surgery for the treatment of gallstones in the bile ducts and in the gallbladder. Although this technique can fragment almost all gallstones, the clinical effectiveness of this new treatment modality must be measured by successful elimination of all fragments. Some physical principles, stone targeting, patient protocol, complications, and clinical results are presented.     

熊去氧胆酸对胆固醇结石患者胆囊胆汁脂类浓度成核时间及胆囊排空能力的影响

作者测定了３８例胆囊胆固醇结石患者服用小量熊去氧胆酸（４００ｍｇ／ｄ）后的胆囊胆汁脂类浓度、成核时间及胆囊排空能力的变化。结果发现：小剂量熊去氧胆酸可降低胆囊胆汁胆固醇饱和指数．延长成核时间，但对胆囊排空能力无影响。认为熊去氧胆酸可通过降低胆固醇饱和指数，延长胆固醇晶体成核过程而对胆囊结石起预防作用。