Obesity and the risk and prognosis of gallstone disease and pancreatitis

Obesity is a risk factor for the formation of cholesterol gallstones and exposes patients to increased risk of gallstone-related complications and cholecystectomy. Rapid weight loss achieved by very low calorie diets or bariatric surgery is also a risk factor for cholelithiasis in obese patients, and therapy should take into account the higher prevalence of gallstones, the possibility of more frequent complications and the need for prophylactic treatment with oral ursodeoxycholic acid during weight loss. Obesity is also frequent in children and adolescents, and the burden of cholesterol cholelithiasis is increasing in this population. The chance to develop acute pancreatitis and the severity of the disease are higher in obese subjects because of specific pathogenic factors, including supersaturated bile and crystal formation, rapid weight loss, and visceral obesity. All health policies aimed at reducing the incidence of obesity worldwide will decrease the incidence of gallstones and gallstone-related complications. The pathophysiological scenarios and the therapeutic implications for obesity, gallstone disease, and pancreatitis are discussed.     

Practical Guidelines for the Surgical Treatment of Gallbladder Cancer

At present, surgical treatment is the only curative option for gallbladder (GB) cancer. Many efforts therefore have been made to improve resectability and the survival rate. However, GB cancer has a low incidence, and no randomized, controlled trials have been conducted to establish the optimal treatment modalities. The present guidelines include recent recommendations based on current understanding and highlight controversial issues that require further research. For T1a GB cancer, the optimal treatment modality is simple cholecystectomy, which can be carried out as either a laparotomy or a laparoscopic surgery. For T1b GB cancer, either simple or an extended cholecystectomy is appropriate. An extended cholecystectomy is generally recommended for patients with GB cancer at stage T2 or above. In extended cholecystectomy, a wedge resection of the GB bed or a segmentectomy IVb/V can be performed and the optimal extent of lymph node dissection should include the cystic duct lymph node, the common bile duct lymph node, the lymph nodes around the hepatoduodenal ligament (the hepatic artery and portal vein lymph nodes), and the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal lymph node. Depending on patient status and disease severity, surgeons may decide to perform palliative surgeries.

Graphical Abstract

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Imaging-based algorithmic approach to gallbladder wall thickening

Gallbladder(GB) wall thickening is a frequent finding caused by a spectrum of conditions. It is observed in many extracholecystic as well as intrinsic GB conditions. GB wall thickening can either be diffuse or focal. Diffuse wall thickening is a secondary occurrence in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathologies of GB, whereas, focal wall thickening is mostly associated with intrinsic GB pathologies. In the absence of specific clinical features, accurate etiological diagnosis can be challenging. The survival rate in GB carcinoma(GBC) can be improved if it is diagnosed at an early stage, especially when the tumor is confined to the wall. The pattern of wall thickening in GBC is often confused with benign diseases, especially chronic cholecystitis, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, and adenomyomatosis. Early recognition and differentiation of these conditions can improve the prognosis. In this minireview, the authors describe the patterns of abnormalities on various imaging modalities(conventional as well as advanced) for the diagnosis of GB wall thickening. This paper also illustrates an algorithmic approach for the etiological diagnosis of GB wall thickening and suggests a formatted reporting for GB wall abnormalities.     

Squamous variant of gallbladder cancer: is it different from adenocarcinoma?

Background

Literature on squamous variants of gallbladder cancer (GBC) is limited.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of GBC patients operated on between August 2009 and March 2012. Patients with adenosquamous carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma were compared with adenocarcinoma for clinicopathologic features and surgical outcomes.

Results

Of the primary GBC patients resected with curative intent, 14 had adenosquamous carcinoma (10) or squamous cell carcinoma (4) (group A), whereas 122 had adenocarcinoma (group B). Abdominal pain was the most common symptom in both groups; however, presentation with vomiting and an abdominal lump was more common in group A (P = .04 and <.01, respectively). Group A had a significantly larger tumor size (7.9 vs 4.8 cm, P = .01) and a higher incidence of adjacent organ involvement requiring extended resections (85.7% vs 26.2%, P < .01). Despite the higher T stage, node-negative disease was significantly higher in group A (42.9% vs 17.2%, P = .03). There was no significant difference in the median survival after curative resection between the 2 groups (28 vs 31 months, P = .24).

Conclusions

The squamous variant of GBC presented at an advanced T stage; however, nodal involvement and distant metastasis were less common. Despite the higher T stage, curative resection could be achieved in the majority with a comparable survival.     

Renal cell carcinoma metastases to gallbladder

A 74-year old man underwent a radical cholecystectomy for presumed gallbladder cancer. The histology of the resected specimen in fact revealed the lesion to be metastatic renal cell carcinoma from his resected right nephrectomy performed 14 years previously.     

Diffusion-weighted imaging of biliopancreatic disorders: correlation with conventional magnetic resonance imaging

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is a well established method for the evaluation of intracranial diseases, such as acute stroke. DWI for extracranial application is more difficult due to physiological motion artifacts and the heterogeneous composition of the organs. However, thanks to the newer technical development of DWI, DWI has become increasingly used over the past few years in extracranial organs including the abdomen and pelvis. Most previous studies of DWI have been limited to the evaluation of diffuse parenchymal abnormalities and focal lesions in abdominal organs, whereas there are few studies about DWI for the evaluation of the biliopancreatic tract. Although further studies are needed to determine its performance in evaluating bile duct, gallbladder and pancreas diseases, DWI has potential in the assessment of the functional information on the biliopancreatic tract concerning the status of tissue cellularity, because increased cellularity is associated with impeded diffusion, as indicated by a reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient. The detection of malignant lesions and their differentiation from benign tumor-like lesions in the biliopancreatic tract could be improved using DWI in conjunction with findings obtained with conventional magnetic resonance cholagiopancreatography. Additionally, DWI can be useful for the assessment of the biliopancreatic tract in patients with renal impairment because contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance scans should be avoided in these patients.     

白细胞介素6促胆囊癌细胞增殖、侵袭与JAK/STAT3信号通路的关系

目的:探讨炎症因子白细胞介素6(IL-6)对胆囊癌细胞生物学行为的影响及其与JAK/STAT3信号通路的关系.方法:将胆囊癌细胞株GBC-SD用IL-6或IL-6+AG490(JAK/STAT3通路抑制剂)作用后,分别用MTT法检测增殖情况;Transwell法检测侵袭能力;明胶酶谱法检测基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)活性;Western blot法检测磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白的表达.结果:IL-6(10,50,100 ng/mL)作用后,GBC-SD细胞增殖呈浓度依赖性增加(均P＜0.05),AG490能取消IL-6对细胞增殖的促进作用.IL-6作用GBC-SD细胞后,细胞侵袭能力及MMP-9的分泌明显增加(均P＜0.05),细胞p-STAT3和VEGF的表达明显上调,加入AG490后,以上作用均被取消.结论:IL-6能促进胆囊癌细胞的增殖通和侵袭,其作用可能与其活化JAK/STAT3信号通路,从而上调下游的MMP-9和VEGF的表达有关.     

超声造影在胆囊腺瘤及腺瘤癌变鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声造影在胆囊腺瘤及腺瘤癌变鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 对经手术病理证实的胆囊腺瘤(19例)及腺瘤癌变(9例)患者超声造影增强特征进行回顾性分析,记录病灶增强时间、增强水平、增强形态、病变邻近胆囊壁层次结构的完整性,并结合病理结果评价各指标诊断胆囊腺瘤及腺瘤癌变的价值.结果 两组病例超声造影增强水平无差别.胆囊腺瘤组病灶开始增强时间、达峰时间均早于腺瘤癌变组[(13.11±3.63)s比(18.11±3.26) s;(17.36±3.95)s比(24.66±4.36)s,P＜0.01].两组病灶增强变等时间差异无统计学意义[(27.79±11.88)s比(32.33±5.74)s].腺瘤癌变组病灶变低时间早于腺瘤组[(55.56±15.4)s比(91.00±34.25)s,P＜0.01].胆囊腺瘤组胆囊周围肝实质开始增强时间早于腺瘤癌变组[(16.63±4.66)s比(22.78±5.29)s,P＜0.05].应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)发现,病灶增强达峰时间＞20 s诊断胆囊腺瘤癌变的敏感性为89％,特异性为85％.19例胆囊腺瘤患者均表现为均匀增强,而9例腺瘤癌变患者有3例表现为不均匀增强,6例表现为均匀增强,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).超声造影可清晰显示胆囊壁结构,19例胆囊腺瘤病变邻近的胆囊壁结构均完整、清晰.9例腺瘤癌变病变邻近的胆囊壁结构有6例不清晰,5例胆囊壁不完整,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 超声造影有助于胆囊腺瘤及腺瘤癌变的鉴别诊断.病灶增强达峰时间、增强形态及病变邻近胆囊壁层次结构的破坏有助于胆囊腺瘤及腺瘤癌变的鉴别诊断.     

胆囊小细胞癌五例报告

目的 总结胆囊小细胞癌(gallbladder small cell carcinoma,GSCC)的临床病理特点,探讨其诊断及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院2000-2012年收治的5例GSCC患者的临床及病理资料.结果 5例患者中男1例,女4例,初次就诊年龄在42 ～ 67岁(中位年龄57岁),均以非典型的右上腹疼痛、不适为初始主诉;肿瘤位于胆囊底部3例,胆囊体部2例;4例患者伴有胆石症.2例行根治性胆囊切除术,术后辅以EP(依托泊苷+顺铂)方案化疗6个周期,1例行放射治疗1次,2例患者分别随访至术后45和32个月,生存良好;3例行姑息性胆囊切除术,术后行辅助性化放疗,分别于术后8、11及30个月死于肿瘤广泛播散转移.结论 GSCC为临床少见的恶性肿瘤,初期症状不典型,确诊率低,病情进展迅速且预后相对较差;肿瘤根治切除可以显著延长患者的生存期,以手术为主的综合治疗仍是GSCC的主要治疗手段.     

Comparison between Gallbladder Serosal and Mucosal Patch in Duodenal Injuries Repair in Dogs

Background: One of the most challenging problems in clinical surgery is management of an extensive duodenal injury. In its management, there are limitations in using jejunal serosal patch and other conventional methods in specific conditions. This study was performed to compare treatment of large duodenal defects by a gallbladder serosal patch and the gallbladder mucosal patch in a dog as an animal model. Methods: A duodenal defect (2 cm, about 50% of the total circumference) was created in the second portion of the duodenum in eight dogs. The animals were divided into two equal groups, with group 1 undergoing serosal patch repair and group 2 undergoing mucosal patch repair. The macroscopic and microscopic healing features of the gallbladder serosal and mucosal patch were compared. Results: None of the dogs died due to surgical complications. The whole grafted area was covered by neomucosa at the end of the third week in all animals with the gallbladder serosal patch (group 1). In this group, the scar was small; no significant narrowing of lumen was noted and serosal healing was uniformly complete. In histological examination, a complete coverage of the gallbladder serosal patch by neomucosa consisting of columnar epithelium with short villous formations was observed. In mucosal patch models (group 2), complete epitheliazation, mild fibrosis, and incomplete repair were visible. In histological examination, severe inflammation was noticed too. Conclusion: In patients with multiple trauma affecting upper gastrointestinal tracts, use of the gallbladder serosal patch method is easy and reliable. So it may be considered in the surgical management of large duodenal defects, which cannot be repaired by available conventional methods.