两种主要还原性药物对血糖测定的影响

目的:探讨维生素C(Vc)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)对葡萄糖氧化酶过氧化物酶(GOD)法,电极法测定血糖的影响。方法:用GOD法、电极法分别测定加入不同浓度的Vc、GSH混合血清,对其结果进行分析、比较。结果:Vc、GSH对GOD法有显著负干扰作用,测定值与干扰物浓度成负相关关系,相关系数r分别为:-0.8389、-0.9694、-0.9965、-0.9944。其中Vc的干扰作用大于GSH,当Vc浓度达到4000mg/L时,影响度超过95%,血糖值甚至测不出来,而电极法则不受Vc、GSH影响,t检验P>0.05,前后无差别。结论:在用GOD法测定血糖时,应考虑药物的干扰,电极法则能有效排除这些干扰,当血糖值过低时,采用两种不同方法进行测定,可有效区分真性低血糖与假性低血糖。     

Effects of Mangifera indica L. aqueous extract (Vimang) on primary culture of rat hepatocytes

Vimang is an aqueous extract from stem bark of Mangifera indica L. (Mango) with pharmacological properties. It is a mixture of polyphenols (as main components), terpenoids, steroids, fatty acids and microelements. In the present work we studied the cytotoxic effects of Vimang on rat hepatocytes, possible interactions of the extract with drug-metabolizing enzymes and its effects on GSH levels and lipid peroxidation. No cytotoxic effects were observed after 24 h exposure to Vimang of up to 1000 μg/mL, while a moderate cytotoxicity was observed after 48 and 72 h of exposure at higher concentrations (500 and 1000 μg/mL). The effect of the extract (50–400 μg/mL) on several P450 isozymes was evaluated. Exposure of hepatocytes to Vimang at concentrations of up to 100 μg/mL produced a significant reduction (60%) in 7-methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (MROD; CYP1A2) activity, an increase (50%) in 7-penthoxyresorufin-O-depentylase (PROD; CYP2B1) activity, while no significant effect was observed with other isozymes. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the modulation of the activity of the P450 system by an extract of Mangifera indica L. The antioxidant properties of Vimang were also evaluated in t-butyl-hydroperoxide-treated hepatocytes. A 36-h pre-treatment of cells with Vimang (25–200 μg/mL) strongly inhibited the decrease of GSH levels and lipid peroxidation induced by t-butyl-hydroperoxide dose- and time-dependently.     

UVA light in vivo reaches the nucleus of the guinea pig lens and produces deleterious,oxidative effects

The possible role of ultraviolet light in the formation of cataract is not well understood. In this study, guinea pigs were exposed to a chronic, low level of UVA light (0.5 mWcm(-2), 340-410 nm wavelength, peak at 365 nm) for 4-5 months. It is known that the lens of the guinea pig possesses unusually high levels of the UVA chromophore NADPH. In a preliminary analysis, it was found that isolated guinea pig corneas transmitted 70-90% of 340-400 nm light, and that UVA radiation was able to penetrate deep into the nucleus of the guinea pig lens, where it was absorbed. Exposure of guinea pigs to UVA in vivo produced a 60% inactivation of lens epithelial catalase; however, analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed no apparent morphological effects on either the lens epithelium or the cortex. A number of UVA-induced effects were found in the nucleus of the guinea pig lens, but were observed either not at all or to a lesser extent in the cortex. The effects included an increase in light scattering (two-fold; slit-lamp examination), distention of intercellular spaces (TEM), an increase in lipid peroxidation (30-35%; infrared spectroscopy), a decrease in GSH level (30%), an increase in protein-thiol mixed disulfide levels (80%), loss of water-soluble protein (20%), an increase in the amount of protein disulfide (two-fold; two-dimensional diagonal electrophoresis), degradation of MIP26 (15%) and loss of cytoskeletal proteins including actin, alpha- and beta- tubulin, vimentin and alpha-actinin (60-100%). The results indicate that a 4-5 month exposure of guinea pigs to a biologically relevant level of UVA light produces deleterious effects on the central region of the lenses of the animals. UVA radiation, coupled presumably with the photoreactive UVA chromophore NADPH and trace amounts of O(2) present in the lens nucleus, produced significant levels of oxidized products in the nuclear region over a five month period. The data demonstrate the potentially harmful nature of UVA light with respect to the lens, and highlight the importance of investigating a possible role for this type of radiation in the formation of human cataract.     

Cellular energetics and glutathione status in NRK-52E cells: toxicological implications

Cellular energetics and redox status were evaluated in NRK-52E cells, a stable cell line derived from rat proximal tubules. To assess toxicological implications of these properties, susceptibility to apoptosis induced by S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC), a well-known mitochondrial and renal cytotoxicant, was studied. Cells exhibited high activities of several glutathione (GSH)-dependent enzymes, including gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, GSH peroxidase, glutathione disulfide reductase, and GSH S-transferase, but very low activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase, consistent with a low content of brush-border microvilli. Uptake and total cellular accumulation of [14C]alpha-methylglucose was significantly higher when cells were exposed at the basolateral as compared to the brush-border membrane. Similarly, uptake of GSH was nearly 2-fold higher across the basolateral than the brush-border membrane. High activities of (Na(+)+K(+))-ATPase and malic dehydrogenase, but low activities of other mitochondrial enzymes, respiration, and transport of GSH and dicarboxylates into mitochondria were observed. Examination of mitochondrial density by confocal microscopy, using a fluorescent marker (MitoTracker Orange), indicated that NRK-52E cells contain a much lower content of mitochondria than rat renal proximal tubules in vivo. Incubation of cells with DCVC caused time- and concentration-dependent ATP depletion that was largely dependent on transport and bioactivation, as observed in the rat, on induction of apoptosis, and on morphological damage. Comparison with primary cultures of rat and human proximal tubular cells suggests that the NRK-52E cells are modestly less sensitive to DCVC. In most respects, however, NRK-52E cells exhibited functions similar to those of the rat renal proximal tubule in vivo.     

JM216-, JM118-, and cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in relation to platinum-DNA adduct formation,glutathione levels and p53 status in human tumour cell lines with different sensitivities to cisplatin

The aim of this study is to establish anti-tumour potency of the new oral platinum drug JM216 and its metabolite JM118 in relation to the platinum (Pt)-DNA adduct formation, glutathione (GSH)-levels, and p53 status in human cancer cell lines with different sensitivities to cisplatin (CDDP). These parameters were studied in the CDDP sensitive human germ cell cancer cell line Tera and the small-cell lung cancer cell line GLC4 and their sublines with in vitro acquired CDDP resistance, Tera-CP and GLC4-CDDP, in a human ovarian cancer cell line transfected with mutant p53 (A2780/mt273) and with an empty vector as control (A2780/cmv), and in the intrinsic CDDP resistant human non-small-cell lung cancer cell line SW1573/S1 and colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2. Cytotoxicity was tested with the microculture tetrazolium (MTT)-assay. Pt-DNA adduct levels were assessed immunocytochemically. Quantitative analysis was performed by double fluorescence video microscopy. Results were correlated with GSH levels and p53 status of the cell lines. This study showed that both JM216 and JM118 can partially circumvent intrinsic and acquired resistance to CDDP. Drug-induced cytotoxicity only correlated negatively with GSH levels for JM216 and CDDP in the tested unselected cell lines. At equimolar basis, JM216 induced lower levels of Pt-DNA adducts in the various cell lines than JM118 and CDDP, whereas the JM118-induced amount and pattern of Pt-DNA adducts was comparable to CDDP. No difference in initial Pt-DNA adducts levels was observed between cell lines sensitive, acquired or intrinsic resistant to CDDP suggesting a Pt-resistance mechanism based on tolerance or increased repair, rather than decreased initial Pt-DNA adduct formation.     

Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by 4-hydroxynonenal and its prevention by glutathione precursors in retinal pigment epithelial cells

Although 4-hydroxynonenal, a highly reactive lipid peroxidation product, is implicated in several age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, its role in age-related macular degeneration is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 4-hydroxynonenal increases vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19), a source of VEGF in choroidal neovascularization observed in age-related macular degeneration. In addition, it was the purpose of this study to assess whether glutathione (GSH) and GSH precursors can inhibit the effects of 4-hydroxynonenal. At 1 micro M, 4-hydroxynonenal did not alter cell viability, but elevated VEGF secretion and mRNA expression by 35% (p<0.05) and 1.9-fold (p<0.05), respectively. However, at concentrations 5 microM and above, 4-hydroxynonenal reduced VEGF secretion as well as cell viability. At 1 and 10 microM, 4-hydroxynonenal did not induce apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells. 4-Hydroxynonenal (1 microM) reduced intracellular GSH by 25% (p<0.05) and increased oxidative stress by 50% (p<0.05). GSH precursor pretreatment for 1 h, which increased intracellular GSH levels by 50% (p<0.05), as well as GSH co-treatment, inhibited the VEGF-inductive and cytotoxic effects of 4-hydroxynonenal. Thus, 4-hydroxynonenal (1 microM) induces VEGF expression and secretion in ARPE-19 cells. This effect is likely due to GSH depletion and an associated increase in intracellular oxidative stress, resulting in increased VEGF mRNA levels. 4-Hydroxynonenal-mediated VEGF secretion as well as cytotoxicity can be reversed with GSH precursor pretreatment or GSH co-treatment.     

BSO逆转人肺腺癌细胞株多药耐药性的实验研究

目的研究谷胱甘肽(GSH)合成酶抑制剂——BSO对人肺腺癌多药耐药细胞株A549DDP细胞内GSH含量影响;探讨BSO逆转多药耐药(MDR)作用机制及逆转效果。方法GSH还原酶循环法测定BSO对细胞内GSH含量的影响。MTT比色法测定经BSO预处理后顺氯氨铂(DDP)、阿霉素(ADM)对细胞50%抑制浓度(IC50)的影响。流式细胞仪检测BSO对MDR细胞内柔红霉素(DNR)荧光强度的影响。结果耐药细胞A549DDP细胞内GSH含量较人肺腺癌A549细胞内GSH含量明显增高。BSO在一定浓度范围内(50～200μmol·L-1)对A549细胞和耐药细胞A549DDP无明显细胞毒性作用(抑制率均小于10%)。BSO呈剂量依赖性非线性抑制细胞内GSH的合成,其对MDR细胞内GSH合成影响较为显著,而对A549细胞内GSH合成影响较小。BSO在一定浓度范围内能降低DDP、ADM对A549DDP细胞的IC50,而对A549细胞的IC50无明显影响。A549DDP细胞内DNR荧光强度较A549细胞显著降低,能不同程度提高A549DDP细胞内柔红霉素荧光强度,均较未处理组显著提高;与未经BSO处理的A549细胞比较,细胞内荧光强度轻度增高,但统计学上无显著性差异。结论BSO能有效逆转A549DDP细胞的MDR,其机制与降低MDR细胞内GSH含量有关。     

加味小柴胡汤对顺铂诱导大鼠肝BRL细胞过氧化损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨加味小柴胡汤对顺铂诱导大鼠肝BRL细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。方法:采用体外细胞培养方法,观察加味小柴胡汤对顺铂诱导的BRL细胞生长、SOD、GSH-px、NOS活性、MDA、GSH、T-AOC含量的影响。结果:顺铂各剂量处理细胞OD值皆显著下降,且随剂量而加重;加味小柴胡汤大小剂量细胞OD值皆明显升高;顺铂组SOD、GSH-px、T-AOC活性、GSH含量均明显降低;MDA含量及NOS活性明显升高;两实验组SOD、GSH-px、T-AOC及GSH均较顺铂组升高,MDA及NOS降低,而以1组效果更显著。结论:顺铂可明显抑制肝细胞生长,诱致细胞过氧化损伤,加味小柴胡汤可提高细胞生长率,其作用与其明显的抗氧化能力有关,且有一定的量效关系。