Estimate of Burden and Direct Healthcare Cost of Infectious Waterborne Disease in the United States

Provision of safe drinking water in the United States is a great public health achievement. However, new waterborne disease challenges have emerged (e.g., aging infrastructure, chlorine-tolerant and biofilm-related pathogens, increased recreational water use). Comprehensive estimates of the health burden for all water exposure routes (ingestion, contact, inhalation) and sources (drinking, recreational, environmental) are needed. We estimated total illnesses, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, deaths, and direct healthcare costs for 17 waterborne infectious diseases. About 7.15 million waterborne illnesses occur annually (95% credible interval [CrI] 3.88 million–12.0 million), results in 601,000 ED visits (95% CrI 364,000–866,000), 118,000 hospitalizations (95% CrI 86,800–150,000), and 6,630 deaths (95% CrI 4,520–8,870) and incurring US $3.33 billion (95% CrI 1.37 billion–8.77 billion) in direct healthcare costs. Otitis externa and norovirus infection were the most common illnesses. Most hospitalizations and deaths were caused by biofilm-associated pathogens (nontuberculous mycobacteria, Pseudomonas, Legionella), costing US $2.39 billion annually.     

中耳胆脂瘤上皮的PCNA和Bcl-2检测及临床意义

应用免疫组织化学方法检测25例胆脂瘤上皮和10例耳后皮肤的增殖细胞核抗原(proliferatingcellnuclearantigen,PCNA)和B-celllymphoma/leukemia-2gene(Bcl-2)的表达情况,结果发现胆脂瘤上皮的PCNA指数明显高于正常皮肤,且胆脂瘤上皮的PCNA指数与其破坏能力有相关性;而Bcl-2无表达.提示①PCNA可作为评价胆脂瘤破坏力的一指标;②胆脂瘤虽然表现出很强的增殖能力,但没有促其恶变的趋势.     

先天性外耳道闭锁中耳畸形临床分析

采用外耳道及鼓室再造术治疗先天性外耳道完全闭锁29例。统计各种外、中耳畸形情况,比较耳廓发育程度、颞骨相当于外耳道口处有无骨性小凹、术前听力损失程度与中耳畸形的关系,将术前的常规横断位CT检查结果与术中所见进行对照。结果显示,术前可通过耳廓发育程度、相当于外耳道口处有无骨性小凹、听力损失程度和颞骨CT扫描来综合估计中耳畸形情况,为术前了解手术难度和确定手术进路及方式提供一定的参考依据。     

肱骨干骨折的单侧多功能外固定支架治疗

目的探讨单侧多功能外固定支架治疗肱骨干骨折的临床疗效.方法自1993年6月～1999年12月间临床应用单侧多功能外固定支架治疗肱骨干骨折116例,并经随访观察.结果116例中有88例随访6个月～7年(平均随访3.8年),骨折愈合平均时间为43个月,愈合率94.32％,患肢功能恢复满复.结论单侧多功能外固定支架治疗肱骨干骨折符合生物学固定原则,既能减少骨折局部的创伤,保护血运,又能稳定固定骨折,可早期进行功能锻炼,特别是对软组织损伤严重的开放性骨折更具优越性.     

One-stage oblique lateral corridor antibiotic-cement reconstruction for Candida spondylodiscitis in patients with major comorbidities: Preliminary experience

Fungal spondylodiscitis is rare (0.5%–1.6% of spondylodiscitis) and mainly caused by Candida albicans. Surgical intervention in spondylodiscitis patients is indicated for compression of neural elements, spinal instability, severe kyphosis, failure of conservative management and intractable pain. However, there is no evidence-based optimal surgical approach for spondylodiscitis. There have been only case reports of surgical treatment for Candida spondylodiscitis. We evaluated the preliminary results of the efficacy and safety of one-stage debridement via oblique lateral corridor with interbody fusion (OLIF) using stand-alone cement reconstruction after debridement for the treatment of Candida spondylodiscitis in patients with major co-morbidities. Five patients (4 males, 1 female, mean age: 64.2 years) suffering from Candida albicans lumbar spondylodiscitis who underwent this procedure were studied. Their predominant symptoms were unremitting back and leg pain and all had pre and postoperative anti-fungal therapy under microbiologist supervision. The operative time ranged from 137 minutes to 260 minutes (mean: 213.4 minutes). The mean blood loss was 160 mL (range: 100–200 mL). There were no perioperative complications. At follow-up all showed major improvement in pain and ambulatory status. CT scan showed radiological stability for all patients at 6–12 months. Our preliminary results showed stand-alone anterior debridement and spinal re-construction with cement through mini-open OLIF approach might be a safe and effective option for patients with spinal fungal infection and major comorbidities.     

中医外治技术联合快速康复外科理念对肝胆外科术后患者的临床疗效

目的:探讨中医外治技术联合快速康复外科(ERAS)理念促进肝胆外科患者康复的临床疗效。方法:选择于2018 年8 月—2020 年10 月在我科行腹腔镜手术的患者308 例,随机分为外治组156 例,对照组152 例。对照组行腹腔镜手术+ERAS 理念,外治组在前者基础上加用中医外治技术,比较两组患者在术后肠鸣音恢复、肛门首次排气及排便时间、疼痛评分、住院天数、相关并发症等方面的差异。结果:外治组术后肠鸣音恢复、肛门首次排气排便时间均短于对照组(P <0.05),术后疼痛评分低于对照组(P <0.05),行肝脏手术及胰腺手术患者的住院时间均短于对照组(P <0.05)。但两组相关并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论:中医外治技术联合ERAS 理念在肝胆外科围手术期的应用能减轻术后患者的疼痛,促进胃肠道功能的恢复,缩短住院时间,值得临床推广应用。     

Marjolin’s ulcer of the forearm from 30-year-neglection of external fixator

BackgroundMarjolin’s ulcers are a rare form of malignancy that present at regions exposed to chronic infection. They present with a clinical triad of nodularity, induration, and ulceration greater than 3 months.Case reportWe present herein, an extremely rare case of Marjolin’s ulcer of the forearm, secondary to osteomyelitis, resulting from a 30-year neglection of external fixator used to treat a war injury of the forearm.DiscussionMarjolin’s ulcers are classically encountered in lower extremities at sites of burns, trauma or complicated wounds. In the upper extremity however, they are seldom mentioned in literature. The presence of risk factors raise the suspicion of the disease.ConclusionMarjolin’s ulcer is rare sequelae of chronic wound infection. Patients often present after a latency period with exacerbated pain, discharge, and exophytic mass. This disease should be suspected in every case of chronic ulcer, where histological studies of the lesion must be conducted to exclude or confirm the diagnosis.     

双板式内固定以及限板式内固定联合外部固定支架对肱骨远端C型骨折的临床疗效对比分析

目的对比分析双板式内固定与限板式内固定联合外部固定支架治疗肱骨远端C型骨折的疗效。方法收集2011年1月~2013年3月期间,我院收治的肱骨远端C型骨折66例,随机分为A组和B组,各33例。A组行双侧重建钢板固定术,B组行铰链式外固定支架联合有限内固定术,比较两组的临床疗效。结果 A组的肘关节功能优良率为81.82%,与B组87.88%比较无显著差异(>0.05);两组术后肘关节活动度无显著差异(>0.05),但B组的骨折愈合时间较A组显著缩短(<0.05);A组的异位骨化发生率为15.15%,显著高于B组的3.03%(<0.05)。结论双板式内固定与限板式内固定联合外部固定支架治疗肱骨远端C型骨折的疗效相当,均具有较好的疗效,但限板式内固定联合外部固定支架的骨折愈合时间更短,异位骨化发生率更低,更具应用优势。     

腭扁桃体血管的应用解剖

在30例已固定的成人尸体头部标本上观察了腭扁桃体的动脉、静脉及其毗邻关系。腭降动脉及腭升动脉腭支主要分布于扁桃体的上极和上部;咽升动脉及腭升动脉主干分布于扁桃体的中部;面动脉主干及舌动脉则主要分布于扁桃体的下部和下极。以上各动脉分支均穿过咽上缩肌直接分带于扁桃体。腭扁桃体静脉先于其被膜下形成静脉网,再汇集成1～5支扁桃体静脉,后分别流入扁桃体旁静脉、咽静脉和舌静脉内。