Functional imaging and localization of electromagnetic brain activity

Functional imaging of electric brain activity requires specific models to transform the signals recorded at the surface of the human head into an image. Two categories of model are available: single-time-point and spatio-temporal methods. The instantaneous methods rely only on the few voltage differences measured at one sampling point. To create a spatial image from this limited information, they require strict assumptions that rarely conform with the underlying physiology. Spatio-temporal models create two kinds of images: first, a spatial image of discrete equivalent multiple dipoles or regional sources, and second, an image of source current waveforms that reflect the temporal dynamics of the brain activity in circumscribed areas. The accuracy of the spatial image is model dependent and limited, but it can be validated from the spatio-temporal data by the "regional source imaging" technique, introduced here. The source waveforms are linear combinations of the scalp waveforms, and thus, specific derivations which image local brain activities at a macroscopic level. Brain source imaging of somatosensory evoked potentials revealed temporally overlapping activities from the brainstem, thalamus and from multiple sources in the region of the contralateral somatosensory projection areas.     

Elektromyographische und funktionsanalytische Befunde bei obstruktiven Defäkationsstorungen

Zusammenfassung Zur Beurteilung der funktionellen Ergebnisse bei Patienten mit obstruktiven Defäkationsstö-rungen warden bei 27 Patienten (im Alter von 42–74 Jahren) elektromyographische, manometrische und radiologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Elektromyographie stellt eine dynamische Untersuchungstechnik dar und erlaubt eine Differenzierung zwischen neuro- und myogenen Störungen der willkürlichen Bekkenbodenmuskulatur. Patienten mit einer obstruktiven Defäkation lassen sich elektromyographisch in eine Gruppe mit neurogenen, eine Gruppe mit myogenen und eine weitere Gruppe mit neuromyogenen Veränderungen einteilen. Die Gruppen mit neurogenen bzw. myogenen Veränderungen zeigten statistisch signifikante Unterschiede gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe bei der mittleren Amplitude, der Entladungsfrequenz und dem Integral. Die neurogene Patientengruppe zeigte weiterhin Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Aktionspotentialdauer und die myogene hinsichtlich der Aktionspotentialhöhe. 77 % der untersuchten Patienten waren nicht in der Lage, während der Defakation den Beckenboden zu relaxieren.

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Einctromyographic and functional analytic findings in obstructed defecation. A contribution to discriminate between neurogenic and myogenous sphincter injuries

Summary The aim of this study was to get further information about functional results in patients with outlet obstruction. We investigated 27 patients (age between 42 and 74 years) by electromyography (EMG), manometry and radiology with contrast-solution. The electromyography, a dynamic investigation method, allows the differentiation between neuronal and muscular malfunctions of the voluntary controlled pelvis muscles. Patients with outlet obstruction should be divided into three groups by EMG diagnosis: One group with neuronal alterations, another group with muscular alterations and one group with neuro-muscular alterations. We obtained marked statistical differenceds between patients with neuronal or muscular malfunctions in the mean amplitude, the turns per second and the integration of the mean amplitude compared to the control group (14 patients). Patients with only neuronal alterations showed furthermore statistically significant distinctions of the action potential duration from control, whereas the data of patients with muscular malfunctions were significantly different from control in the peak amplitude of the action potentials. 77 % of all investigated patients were not able to relax the pelvis muscles during defecation.

     

Die Bedeutung des Musculus canalis ani für die Kontinenz und anorectale Erkrankungen

Zusammenfassung Es wird die funktionelle Morphologie des bisher wenig bekannten M. canalis ani beschrieben. Dieser Muskel liegt dem Sphincter ani internus auf und zieht längs durch die submuköse und subcutane Schicht des Analkanals. Es wird gezeigt, daß er ein Bestandteil des Kontinenzorgans ist und für den Verlauf anorectaler Erkrankungen bedeutsam ist.

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The importance of the musculus canalis ani for continence and anorectal diseases

Summary The functional morphology of the M. canalis ani is described. Hitherto this muscle has not been studied in detail. The M. canalis ani is located inside of the M. sphincter ani internus and reaches through the spatium submucosum et subcutaneum of the analcanal. This muscle is part of a described organ of continence. Its importance in the course of anorectal disease is shown.

     

试论抗真菌中药研究战略

在认真分析前一阶段抗真菌中药研究状况的基础上，本文阐述了对今后如何开展其研究的看法：进一步从有抗真菌活性的中药中提取有效成分；加强抗深部感染真菌中医研究、抗真菌中药复方研究及利用动物真菌性疾病模型进行研究；开展中药对抗真菌抗生素和化学合成药物减毒增效作用研究以及中药抗真菌机理研究等。     

Lung volume measurements in infants with and without chronic lung disease

Infants born prematurely who develop chronic lung disease (CLD) have airways obstruction and hence may have low lung volume. The aim of this study was to test that hypothesis and ascertain whether the nature of the comparison control group influenced the results. Sixteen infants who were oxygen dependent for more than 28 days (CLD) and eight infants without CLD had measurements of functional residual capacity (FRC) at 14 and 28 days. The 16 CLD infants consisted of eight less than 27 weeks gestational age (group A) and eight greater than 26 weeks gestational age (group B). The eight infants without CLD (group C) were each matched for gestational age and gender to infants in group B. Group A compared to group C had lower FRCs both at 14 days (median 18 ml/kg vs 27 ml/kg, P<0.01) and 28 days (median 20 ml/kg vs 26 ml/kg, P<0.05), but group A differed from group C with respect to both gestational age (P<0.01) and birth weight (P<0.01). The FRC results of group B were lower than those of their matched controls (group C) only at 28 days (median 22 vs 26 ml/kg, P<0.05). Overall, the FRC results at 14 and 28 days correlated significantly with the duration of oxygen and ventilator dependence and weakly with gestational age. Conclusion These results support the hypothesis that FRC results are lower in infants with CLD compared to those without CLD when measured in the neonatal period and emphasize the importance of an appropriate control group. Measurement of lung volume may facilitate assessment of the response to therapies for CLD. Received: 5 May 1997 / Accepted in revised form: 29 September 1997     

电针刺激对外伤性脊髓损伤患者功能独立性评定影响的临床研究

目的:通过观察电针刺激疗法对外伤性脊髓损伤患者的生活独立功能的影响,为脊髓损伤患者寻求一条有效的康复治疗途径。方法:62例外伤性脊髓损伤患者被随机分成治疗组32例,接受电针刺激加运动治疗、作业治疗;对照组30例,接受单纯性运动治疗、作业治疗。在治疗前后进行功能独立性评定。结果:治疗组与对照组的功能独立性积分均明显高于治疗前(P<0.01),而治疗组治疗后的分值97.78±19.55明显高于对照组的分值87.53±16.67(P<0.05)。同样,治疗组的住院效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:电针刺激加运动与作业治疗的综合康复手段能明显改善外伤性脊髓损伤患者的生活独立能力,且能科学地提高住院效率。     

胃大部切除术后残胃无力症的诊断治疗

目的探讨胃大部切除术后功能性残胃无力症的诊断方法与治疗措施,避免误诊误治。方法对1988-08～2004-02收治的29例胃大部切除术后功能性残胃无力症的临床表现、诊断方法与治疗结果进行回顾性分析。结果全组患者经立位腹部X线平片检查、泛影葡胺或稀钡X线透视检查、或纤维胃镜检查,结果均排除机械性梗阻的原因,诊断为:功能性残胃无力症。经过胃肠减压、胃肠外营养、对症治疗,分别治疗16～49d症状消失,恢复饮食。结论胃大部切除术后功能性残胃无力症是非机械性梗阻,由多种因素引起,高龄、精神紧张为主要诱发原因,依据临床症状、X线检查和胃镜检查明确诊断,目前尚无治疗该症的特效药物,治疗原则以消除患者的紧张情绪和对症、支持治疗为主,避免手术治疗,保守治疗效果较好。     

旅客列车有害生物滋扰侵害乘客调查分析

目的查明旅客列车有害生物滋扰侵害乘客的种类,为有效控制提供科学依据。方法采用访视法调查有害生物滋扰乘客的过程及危害症状,采用药激法、粘捕法及人工诱捕法调查造成危害的虫种。结果滋扰乘客的有害生物为飞行害虫,滋扰后人体症状为粒状红斑,奇痒,发生于人体裸露部位。人工诱捕采集到白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊。结论白纹伊蚊是滋扰乘客造成危害的主要虫种,关闭门窗、滞留喷洒杀虫剂、涂抹驱蚊油是防止滋扰的有效办法。