颅底凹陷症合并脊髓空洞症的显微外科治疗

目的分析76例颅底凹陷症合并脊髓空洞症的显微外科手术治疗效果,探讨发病机理与手术方法等.方法采用显微外科手术方法,分别行枕下减压(A)、空洞蛛网膜下腔分流(B)、四脑室闩部疏通术(C),按Tator标准进行评定,观察不同手术方法后的效果.结果76例均有效,其中9例Ⅰ期手术行A后效果不明显,又Ⅱ期手术行B后仅1例症状无改善;52例同时行A+B后,仅2例症状无改善;15例同时行A+B+C后效果均为优.结论仅行A后难以奏效,A+B+C是最有效的手术方法.     

经颅多普勒发泡试验结合反常性栓塞风险量表在卵圆孔未闭合并不明原因卒中筛查中的应用价值

目的 探讨经颅多普勒发泡试验(c-TCD)结合反常性栓塞风险量表(RoPE)评分在卵圆孔未闭合并不明原因卒中筛选的价值.方法 回顾性分析2013年9月至2019年10月西安市第五医院收治的脑卒中病人217例为研究对象,根据卵圆孔未闭诊断"金标准"食管超声心动图(TEE)分为卵圆孔未闭组(62例)和非卵圆孔未闭组(155例),收集两组一般资料,分析两组c-TCD[c-TCD阳性率、右向左分流(RLS)分流量]、RoPE评分情况;Spearman相关分析法评估卵圆孔未闭合并不明原因卒中病人RoPE评分与c-TCD阳性率、RLS分流量的相关性.结果 两组性别、年龄、高血压史、糖尿病史、高血脂史、吸烟史、偏头痛史、发病至核磁共振检查时间均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).非卵圆孔未闭组c-TCD微泡数量阳性例数(4例)与卵圆孔未闭组c-TCD微泡数量阳性例数(48例)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).非卵圆孔未闭组RoPE评分(6、7、8、9、10分)分别有49、48、34、18、6例与卵圆孔未闭组RoPE评分(6、7、8、9、10分)分别有8、7、8、15、24例比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Spearman相关分析显示,卵圆孔未闭合并不明原因卒中病人RoPE评分与c-TCD阳性率、RLS分流量呈正相关(rs=0.896、0.876,P<0.001).结论 c-TCD结合RoPE量表可用于卵圆孔未闭合并不明原因卒中的筛选,具有一定价值.     

Chiari I畸形2种手术方式疗效比较的Meta分析

目的 系统评价单纯后颅窝减压术和后颅窝减压术加硬脑膜成形术在治疗Chiari I畸形并脊髓空洞的临床疗效。方法 检索PubMed、OVID、万方数据库、中国知网、维普中文数据库,从建库到2015年12月收录的有关Chiari I畸形治疗的随机对照研究文献,采用RevMan5.2软件进行meta分析。结果 后颅窝减压术加硬脑膜成形术手术组在脊髓空洞缩小率（OR=0.22,95% CI：0.12~0.42,P<0.001）及症状改善率（OR=0.11,95% CI：0.05~0.23,P<0.001）方面优于单纯后颅窝减压术手术组,差异具有统计学意义;术后早期并发症发生率（OR=0.62,95% CI：0.17~2.29,P>0.05）,差异无统计学意义。结论 在治疗Chiari I畸形并脊髓空洞的手术方式中,后颅窝减压术加硬脑膜成形术的脊髓空洞缩小率及临床症状改善率优于单纯后颅窝减压术。     

枕下远外侧经髁入路的显微外科解剖及临床应用

目的为枕下远外侧经髁入路提供较详细的解剖资料。方法应用16例（32侧）成人尸体头湿标本，15例干标本进行显微解剖测量。结果乳突尖、环椎横突、第2颈神经前支、枕骨髁及枕下三角都是重要的术中解剖标志。椎动脉第三段周围有丰富的静脉丛，是术中显露椎动脉时重要的出血来源。切除枕骨髁后内侧1／3，外科术野可扩大（15±1）°，切除1／2时术野扩大（18±1）°。应用此入路解剖学研究结果治疗枕骨大孔腹侧肿瘤5例，术后效果良好。结论枕下远外侧经髁入路解剖关系复杂，但可在不牵拉脑干的基础上充分显露枕骨大孔区腹侧，枕骨髁的切除范围仅限于其后内侧1／2。     

Gross total excision of pediatric giant cystic craniopharyngioma with huge retroclival extension to the level of foramen magnum by anterior trans petrous approach: report of two cases and review of literature

Purpose Craniopharyngiomas with a large posterior fossa extension beyond the level of the foramen magnum are very rare and usually removed in two stages. The objective of this paper is to report that such rare cases of giant cystic predominantly retrochiasmatic retroclival craniopharyngiomas can be completely excised by an anterior transpetrous approach in a single stage. Materials and methods The first case was a 6-year-old boy who presented with a 1-year history of recurrent episodes of seizures, headache, and vomiting. The second case was a 10-year-old girl who presented with history of headache, visual deterioration, and left-side hemiparesis for one and half years. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in both these patients revealed a giant sellar suprasellar cystic lesion with areas of calcification and the lesion was predominantly retrochiasmatic with a huge retroclival posterior fossa extension down to the level of the C1 vertebra and laterally to the cerebellopontine angle. Gross total excision of both suprasellar and posterior fossa extensions could be done in both the patients through an anterior transpetrous transtentorial approach (Kawase’s approach). Results Postoperative imaging (MRI/CT) revealed no obvious evidence of residual tumor. The first patient had right hemiparesis from which he recovered completely. The second patient died suddenly on postoperative day 4 after initial uneventful postoperative period, and the exact cause of death is not known. Conclusion Giant cystic craniopharyngiomas, which are predominatly retrochiasmatic and associated with huge retroclival posterior fossa extensions, can be removed in single stage by Kawase’s approach.     

Anatomy and biomechanics of normal craniovertebral junction (a) and biomechanics of stabilization (b)

INTRODUCTION: A knowledge of the bony configuration, ligamentous attachments, joint articulations, vascular supply, muscle function, and lymphatic drainage as well as the kinetic anatomy of the craniocervical junction is necessary to understand the etiology of abnormalities in this area and their treatment. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is the most mobile of the upper cervical spine especially in children. It is uniquely adapted for stability and motion. The bony anatomy and the normal biomechanics of the CVJ in children are presented and subsequently the biomechanics of complex stabilization. Our review of more than 600 children who required stabilization is presented.     

A microanatomical map of the structures hidden in the middle fossa based on the facial nerve hiatus: Measurements and their variability

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships/variations between the facial nerve hiatus (FNH) and middle cranial fossa neuro‐vascular structures. Twenty CT‐scanned middle cranial fossae of fresh adult cadavers were used; the greater superficial petrosal nerves, and critical neuro‐vascular structures were identified. Using the FNH as a reference point, a neuronavigation system was used to measure the distance between each structure and the FNH. The coefficient of variation (CV) was used to quantify the degree of variation among each distance. The mean distances and standard deviations between the various landmarks and the FNH, and the associated CV were analyzed. Furthermore, a microanatomical map of the structures hidden in the middle fossa based on the greater superficial petrosal nerve was generated. The most reliable relationships of the FNH were with the internal auditory canal (CV = 14.59), and with the vertical portion of the intrapetrous internal carotid artery (CV = 15.54). Our data demonstrate that the FNH can be used as anatomical landmark to plot the position of several hidden neurovascular structures when performing a middle‐fossa skull base approach. However, the pattern and the variation of these structures had to be recognized. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

颈椎间孔韧带的解剖特点及其临床意义

神经根型颈椎病是临床常见疾病,可引起上肢感觉或运动障碍,其病因可能是神经根受到各种直接机械压迫[1]。神经根自硬膜囊发出后向外下方走行,经椎间孔出椎管,椎间孔内软组织增生、肥厚、粘连等病理改变均可使经过该处的神经根受到压迫,导致出现相应的临床症状如放射性上肢疼痛、麻木或无力等。想要更清楚地了解神经根卡压的机制,需要对颈椎间孔区域进行更加深入的解剖学研究。掌握颈椎间孔韧带的解剖特点有助于提高神经根型颈椎病的诊断和治疗水平,在该区域手术操作时尽可能地减少医源性损伤。有关胸腰椎(T1~5)的椎间孔韧带研究证明其韧带起到限制神经根移位并防止拉伤的作用[2~4]。然而,目前关于颈椎间孔韧带的研究尚少。本文结合国内外文献资料,对颈椎间孔韧带的相关知识作一综述。