体位在对比经颅多普勒超声检测卵圆孔未闭右向左分流中的影响

目的 探讨体位对对比经颅多普勒超声(contrast transcranial Doppler,cTCD)检测卵圆孔未闭右向左分流的影响.方法 对276例缺血性脑血管病、偏头痛、发作性眩晕、晕厥住院患者于坐位、仰卧位、左侧卧位、右侧卧位应用cTCD检测右向左分流,位置顺序随机分配.根据微泡数量对右向左分流分流程度进行分级:0级,无微泡;Ⅰ级,1～10个微泡;Ⅱ级,＞10个微泡但未形成“雨帘”;Ⅲ级,雨帘形成.同时进行对比经胸超声心动图(contrast transthoracic echocardiography,cTTE)或对比经食管超声心动图(contrast transesophageal echocardiography,cTEE)或右心导管检查.结果 cTCD检查右向左分流的阳性率为48.2％ (133/276),其中82例经cTTE、28例经cTEE、23例经右心导管检查证实为卵圆孔未闭.平静呼吸时各体位的右向左分流检出率及微泡数差异无统计学意义(P ＞0.05);Valsalva动作后各体位的右向左分流检出率及微泡数高于平静呼吸(P ＜0.001),坐位右向左分流检出率及微泡数高于仰卧位、左侧卧位、右侧卧位(P＜0.05).结论 应用cTCD检测卵圆孔未闭右向左分流,坐位结合Valsalva动作优于仰卧位、左侧卧位、右侧卧位,采取坐位检测右向左分流有助于提高其检出率及微泡数.     

Microsurgical anatomy of the region of the foramen magnum

The anatomy needed to plan microoperative approaches to the region of the foramen magnum was examined in 25 cadaveric heads. The structures examined included the lower cranial and upper spinal nerves, the caudal brain stem and rostral spinal cord, the vertebral artery and its branches, the veins and dural sinuses at the craniovertebral junction, and the ligaments and muscles uniting the atlas, axis, and occipital bone. The transoral, transpalatal, labiomandibular, glossolabiomandibular, transsphenoidal, transcranial-transbasal, transcervical, and suboccipital operative approaches to the region are also reviewed.     

Volumineux thrombus enclavé dans le foramen ovale au cours d’une embolie pulmonaire massive,traité avec succès par chirurgie

Paradoxical embolism is rarely demonstrated, often suggested, and the diagnosis has been largely presumptive in most cases. The patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an important predisposing anatomic factor for such a complication. We describe a case where a voluminous thrombus straddling the PFO was diagnosed by echocardiography including the 3D modality, in the setting of acute massive pulmonary embolism. The treatment is not codified in this setting, and the thrombus was successfully removed by surgery, associated with PFO closure, and anticoagulation.