一种基于洪水信息的血吸虫病风险预警系统的构建

目的 利用气象数据建立模型,预测洪水季节血吸虫病风险区域,为血吸虫病监测预警提供参考.方法 基于开源R软件,建立交互式血吸虫病预警系统.以血吸虫病传播指数为基础参数,根据累积降雨量及气温数据拟合钉螺物种分布模型,预测钉螺分布概率,判断洪涝灾害期间血吸虫病传播风险区域.结果 基于R软件Shiny包构建网页框架,成功建立了...     

安庆市洪涝灾害期间肾综合征出血热监测与控制

目的：探讨洪涝灾害地区肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）发病特点,为制订控制对策提供依据。方法：在灾主灾后对灾区实施鼠情监测,同时收集分析１９９８、１９９９年度疫情资料。结果：洪涝灾期灾区鼠密度、鼠带病毒率、鼠感染率均明显上升,疫区疫源地传染强度增大,局部灾区已存在ＨＦＲＳ暴发的危险因素。结论：通过加强对灾区的疫情、鼠情监测和及时采取有效的控制措施,可以控制ＨＦＲＳ暴发流行。     

洪涝灾害对钩端螺旋体病流行的影响

目的 研究洪涝灾害对钩端螺旋体病流行的影响，以便制定对策控制钩端螺旋体病的流行。方法 采取回顾性研究和现况研究相结合的方法，通过法定传染病报告系统收集发病情况，在相关单位收集水气象资料，按全国爱卫办颁布的鼠密度调查方法开展鼠情监测。将获得的资料进行直线相关等统计学分析。了解气象水等洪涝灾害和钩端螺旋体病发病之间的关系、水气象与鼠类密度之间的关系、鼠密度和钩端螺旋体病发病之间的关系；结果 长江水位与钩端螺旋体病发病和流行无相关关系，鼠密度与钩钩端螺旋体病发病率呈正相关。当野外鼠密度大于10％(夹夜法)可引起钩钩端螺旋体病流行。结论 鼠密度可作为钩端螺旋体病监调和疫情预测预报的一项重要项目和指标。     

洪灾危害的卫生学综合评价指标研究

目的 建立洪灾危害的卫生学综合评价指标体系。方法 应用层次分析法构建洪灾危害的卫生学初评指标体系,德尔菲法确定指标及其权重,综合评分法建立综合评价模型,百分位数法确定等级分类,最后通过方差分析和相关性分析验证等级分类区分不同受灾程度的能力和综合评价模型所包含指标的独立性。结果 建立了以洪灾危害程度为总评价目标,包含6个一级子目标和24个二级子目标的洪灾危害卫生学综合评价指标体系,确立了区分不同等级的界限,且各等级之间比较差异有统计学意义(F=76.11,P<0.01),指标之间的独立性好。结论 研究中提出洪灾危害的卫生学综合评价模型,可以较好地区分不同程度的受灾地区,并且具有较高的可靠性、综合性和实用性。     

山丘地区突发性洪灾对钉螺扩散的影响

目的 了解山丘地区突发性洪灾对钉螺扩散的影响,为制定防治对策提供科学依据.方法 选择发生突发性洪灾的3个山丘型血吸虫病流行村,收集、整理洪灾前后血吸虫病流行的相关资料,现场开展洪灾后抽样村螺情调查.结果 洪灾发生前,抽样村螺情指标呈上升趋势 洪灾发生后,三个抽样村的活螺平均密度分别下降了80.54%、46.78%、91.39% 活螺框出现率分别下降了54.40%、27.74%和66.20%.结论 突发性洪灾过后,在短期内未造成当地螺情扩散.由于突发性洪灾对当地控螺设施造成较大破坏,对防治成果的巩固势必造成一定影响.     

抗洪中应用吡喹酮防治急性血吸虫病效果分析

目的 观察１９９８年抗洪期间应用吡喹酮防治急性血吸虫病的效果。方法 对赴九江抗洪抢险接触疫水的１１６６０名解放军官兵服用吡喹酮防治急性血吸虫病。结果 调查１１６６０人，无１例患急性血吸虫病。血吸虫成虫抗原皮内试验阳性率６．６％，但粪便虫卵检查和环卵沉淀试验均为阴性。结论 大规模应用吡喹酮防治急性血吸虫病有显著的作用。     

特大洪涝灾害对我国血吸虫病传播的影响及应急处置

洪涝灾害是我国常见自然灾害之一。洪涝频发的长江中下游流域及以南地区多为血吸虫病流行区,因此洪涝不仅对财产造成损失,而且严重危害洪涝地区的公共卫生和人民健康。本文针对2016年我国长江流域再次发生特大洪涝灾害的情况,分析了洪涝灾害对血吸虫病传播与流行的影响。指出当前我国的血吸虫病防治正由传播控制迈向阻断和消除阶段,而频发的洪涝灾害将加剧洪涝地区钉螺孳生地的扩散和血吸虫病传染源的传播,对我国血吸虫病防治目标的实现造成一定程度的影响;因此应就洪涝灾害对血吸虫病传播影响及其风险等及时作出评估、监测和预警,并采取应急处置措施。作者提出了应在洪涝灾害发生的早、中、后期以及灾后等不同阶段,根据洪涝灾害的发生和疫情的发展等情况,落实和强化各项抗灾防病应急响应措施,最大限度地控制疾病传播的风险和危害,巩固血吸虫病防治成果,确保按期实现血吸虫病阻断和消除目标。     

Use of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in an emergency situation after the flood disaster in Mozambique

OBJECTIVES: To determine how diagnosis of malaria may be improved by combining the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for Plasmodium falciparum malaria with clinical diagnosis by the presence or history of fever compared with clinical diagnosis alone in emergency situations with flood-affected displaced populations in Mozambique. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study conducted at the emergency outpatient clinic in a village in the Chòkwè district of Gaza Province, 3 weeks after Cyclone Eline hit Mozambique in February 2000. METHODS: A hundred and thirty children aged less than 15 years with clinical malaria were selected for examination by RDT and fluorescent microscopy using acridine orange as a reference test. The diagnosis of clinical malaria was made by a history of fever in the last three days or axillary temperature above 37.0 degrees C at the time of attending the emergency outpatient clinic. Two positive predictive values were calculated; RDTs combined with clinical diagnosis and clinical diagnosis alone. RESULTS: Positive predictive values of RDTs combined with clinical diagnosis by the presence of fever or history of fever were 87.6% (92/105) (95% confidence interval (CI) 80.8-92.8) compared with 74.6% (97/130) (95% CI 66.2-81.8) for clinical diagnosis alone. Five patients were diagnosed false negative. CONCLUSION: RDTs combined with clinical diagnosis has sufficient positive predictive value to be used in emergency situations, while RDTs could result in increasing failure to treat when they are used for decisions of treatment compared with clinical diagnosis alone.     

Flash flood disaster-nîmes,France, 1988

On October 3, 1988, at 7:45 a.m. a flash flood occurred in the region of Nimes, France. Though the homes of 45,000 people were damaged and more than 1,100 vehicles were destroyed, only 3 severe injuries and 9 deaths were reported. A community survey was conducted to study (1) what factors might have contributed to the limited number of deaths, (2) the reactions of the population to the disaster, and (3) the health effects associated with the impact and postimpact phases of the disaster. Overall, 108 questionnaires were completed from a systematic sample of 187 households living in ground-level dwellings in two of the most seriously affected areas of the city. Only 17% of all interviewees knew that they lived in an area subject to flood. When they realized they were in danger, 93% of all persons were in their houses or other buildings, 4% were in the streets, and 3% were in cars. Fifty-six percent of the interviewees tried to get to safety. Thirty percent of the interviewees reported that they were rescued; 20% of these persons reported being saved from a direct life threat.Neighbors (40%), family members (20%), firefighters (12%), the Red Cross (10%), and military personnel (8%) conducted rescue operations. Six percent of all members of interviewed households were reportedly suffering mild injuries that, in 70% of these cases, had been sustained during the impact phase. Health problems and injuries during the postimpact phase may have been limited by the response of trained military personnel and by the distribution of boots and gloves to other responders. The limited death toll might be attributed to: (1) the disaster occurred early in the morning when people were still home (2) traffic heading into the city was stopped by flood water on some access roads, (3) the rescue operations were set up within the framework of the French disaster plan, and (4) the civilian response. No outbreaks of infectious disease were detected after the disaster.Corresponding author.     

洪涝灾害对庄台环境卫生的影响与对策

庄台是行蓄洪区居民特有的居住用地，受特大洪涝灾害的影响，孤岛式庄台的环境构成了多种疾病暴发流行的条件。本文报告了特大洪涝灾害期间，对９个庄台环境卫生现状的调查结果，从卫生工程的角度提出相应的对策，为指导救灾工作提供科学依据。