Impact of flooding on feeding practices of infants and young children in Dhaka,Bangladesh Slums: what are the coping strategies?

Previous research has shown that urban slums are hostile environments for the growth of infants and young children (IYC). Flooding is a hazard commonly found in Dhaka slums (Bangladesh) which negatively impacts IYC's nutritional and health status. This paper aims 1) to identify the impact of flooding on IYC's feeding practices, and 2) to explore the coping strategies developed by caregivers. Qualitative data (participant observation and semi-structured interviews) and quantitative data (household questionnaire and anthropometric measurements) collected in slums in Dhaka (n=18 mothers, n=5 community health workers, and n=55 children) were analysed. The subjects of the interviews were mothers and Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) community health workers living and working in the slums. Research findings showed that breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices for IYC were poor and inappropriate due to lack of knowledge, time, and resources in normal times and worse during flooding. One coping strategy developed by mothers purposely to protect their IYC's nutritional status was to decrease their personal food intake. Our research findings suggest that mothers perceived the negative impact of flooding on their IYC's nutritional health but did not have the means to prevent it. They could only maintain their health through coping strategies which had other negative consequences. The results suggests a holistic approach combining 1) provision of relief for nutritionally vulnerable groups during flooding, 2) support to mothers in their working role, 3) breastfeeding counseling and support to lactating mothers with difficulties, and 4) preventing malnutrition in under 2 year old children.     

洪灾后11～15岁儿童创伤后应激障碍发生率及其影响因素

目的 评估洪灾后青少年创伤后应激障碍症状及其影响因素.方法 在抚顺特大洪灾后1个月,选取受灾较为严重地区六所学校的1000名学生.使用加州大学创伤后应激障碍反应指数修改版（UCLA PTSD RI）进行测查.结果 （1）洪灾1个月后,青少年PTSD阳性发生率为4.4％,亚PTSD发生率为9.0％;（2）PTSD各因子的发生率依次为闯入症状23.6％,回避症状7.7％,高警觉症状21.7％.（3）年级能够显著预测闯入、回避、高警觉和PTSD总分（P＜0.01）;父母的感情关系对闯入、回避、高警觉和PTSD总分均有显著预测作用（P＜0.05）;留守状况以及创伤暴露情况能够显著预测闯入、回避、高警觉以及PTSD总分（P＜0.05）.结论 洪灾后青少年亚PTSD发生率相对较高,需特别关注青春期早期、父母有外出务工以及灾害发生时创伤暴露较为严重的学生.     

赴巴基斯坦医疗救援队诊治病人疾病谱分析研究

目的了解巴基斯坦洪灾后灾民疾病谱变化特征,为国际救援医疗救治提供科学依据。方法将门诊收治的病人信息资料录入计算机,采用Excel软件对数据进行统计分析。结果累计诊疗各类系统疾病4 545例,健康查体290例,合计4 835例。呼吸、皮肤、外科、消化和妇科系统病例依次占总病例的14.5%、14.1%、13.5%、13.3%和12.2%。最大年龄100岁,最小1d,平均年龄27.2岁;性别构成,男性1 573例,女性3 262例。前后期比较感染性疾病症候群中腹泻症群呈明显下降趋势。检测209份血清样本,传染病病源累计阳性检出率30.15%。结论呼吸、皮肤、消化系统疾病是洪灾后发生的主要疾病,应加大力量防控。     

应用钉螺孳生地分布模型预测1998年特大洪水对扬州市江滩钉螺分布的影响

目的了解1998年洪水对扬州市江滩钉螺分布的影响和钉螺孳生地分布模型的实用价值.方法采用现场人工调查和钉螺孳生地分布模型相结合的方法,按周晓农报道的模型在ERDAS软件上分别进行卫星遥感图象的叠加、校正、提取,用红色在图上标出钉螺的可疑孳生环境,并与地面调查结果进行核对验证.结果1 998年洪水后,江滩钉螺面积增加了 27.20%,25个抽样可疑钉螺孳生地洪水后钉螺面积增加了 61.48%,洪水前(1 998年)和洪水后(1 999、2000年)钉螺密度分别为0.945只/框、1.278只/框和1.289只/框,钉螺孳生地分布模型预测的钉螺可疑孳生地范围与洪水后两年春季查出钉螺分布范围总符合率为88.00%,其中30×104m2以上环境的符合率为90.00%,10×104～30×104m2环境的符合率为100%,10×104m 2以下环境的符合率为75.00%.结论 1998年洪水后,扬州市钉螺明显扩散,钉螺孳生地分布模型对快速筛选钉螺可疑孳生地范围和确定钉螺孳生高危地带有重要意义.     

凤仪洲1998年洪水溃堤后血吸虫病疫情分析

目的 分析凤仪洲特大洪水溃堤后对血吸虫病流行的影响。方法 对溃堤后螺、病情进行流行病学调查。收集灾前有关年份疫情资料及水堤特征。结果 1998年溃堤后,造成滩地钉螺扩散,有螺面积增加了56．2％,灾后1999年有螺框出现率、钉螺密度、阳性螺密度和钉螺感染率均明显下降。但2000年螺情很快回升,已恢复到1998年水平,居民感染率呈持续上升趋势。结论 洪水溃堤后,加重了凤仪洲血吸虫病流行程度。     

洪灾后创伤性应激障碍及其影响因素的研究

目的 了解洪灾后创伤性应激障碍的现状及其影响因素。方法 用美国《精神障碍的诊断统计手册》第四版(MSD-Ⅳ)中对于PTSD的诊断标准对洪灾区人群进行PTSD评定。结果 洪灾后PTSD检出率为30．9％，其主要的影响因素为性别(OR=2．32)，年龄(OR=1．83)，洪灾类型(OR=3．71)和对支持的满意度(OR=0．84)。结论 PTSD在我国洪灾的受灾群体中是一种常见的不容忽视的现象，应采取针对性的防制措施。     

水灾村诸因素对灾民腹泻影响的多元回归分析

１９９６年８月３日至４日，河北省８个市９１个县１５１７万人口遭受洪涝灾害，对其中２０个县４０个乡８０个村２０８０户，７９０８名灾民进行腹泻调查，发现腹泻９３９例，人群罹患率为１１．８７％。用Ｌｏｇｉｓ－ｔｉｃ回归分析方法，对水灾村各因素影响灾民腹泻情况进行分析，结果发现平原村、洪水进村或被水围村、水源不以自来水为主、特别是以敞口井水为主村、井水未消毒以及消毒不及时村、环境卫生不处理村、当地降雨最大为腹泻的危险因素。     

Arsenic contamination in New Orleans soil: Temporal changes associated with flooding

The flooding of New Orleans in late August and September 2005 caused widespread sediment deposition in the flooded areas of the city. Post-flood sampling by US EPA revealed that 37% of sediment samples exceeded Louisiana corrective screening guidelines for arsenic of 12 mg/kg, but there was debate over whether this contamination was pre-existing, as almost no pre-flood soil sampling for arsenic had been done in New Orleans. In this study, archived soil samples collected in 1998-1999 were location-matched with 70 residential sites in New Orleans where post-flood arsenic concentrations were elevated. Those same locations were sampled again during the recovery period 18 months later. During the recovery period, sampling for arsenic was also done for the first time at school sites and playgrounds within the flooded zone. Every sample of sediment taken 1-10 months after the flood exceeded the arsenic concentration found in the matched pre-flood soils. The average difference between the two sampling periods was 19.67 mg/kg (95% CI 16.63-22.71) with a range of 3.60-74.61 mg/kg. At virtually all of these sites (97%), arsenic concentrations decreased substantially by 18 months into the recovery period when the average concentration of matched samples was 3.26 mg/kg (95% CI 1.86-4.66). However, 21 (30%) of the samples taken during the recovery period still had higher concentrations of arsenic than the matched sample taken prior to the flooding. In addition, 33% of samples from schoolyards and 13% of samples from playgrounds had elevated arsenic concentrations above the screening guidelines during the recovery period. These findings suggest that the flooding resulted in the deposition of arsenic-contaminated sediments. Diminution of the quantity of sediment at many locations has significantly reduced overall soil arsenic concentrations, but some locations remain of concern for potential long-term soil contamination.     

1998年长江洪涝灾害对湖北省计划免疫工作的影响及其对策研究

通过对６个洪涝重灾县（市，下同）计划免疫工作的调查，发现这次洪涝灾害对湖北省计划免疫工作产生了很大影响。６个县在洪涝灾害中损坏的冷链设备约占现有设备的１５％，计划免疫资料损失１０％左右，洪涝灾害大大增加了灾区流动儿童的数量，降低了灾区常规免疫的质量。同时分析了洪涝灾害对灾区计划免疫工作的远期影响，提出了恢复和重建灾区计划免疫工作的对策。     

受洪水浸泡的电气、电子仪器的抢救修理

目的：探讨经受洪水浸泡的医疗设备抢救修理的经验和体会。方法：以X光机和消毒机为例,总结设备的修理情况。结果：及时清理、合理维修能恢复医疗设备的性能。结论：应对受洪灾影响的医疗设备及时清理、合理维修,以减少灾后损失。