床头型急救车在病区急救准备中的效果观察

目的 观察自主创新研制的一款床头型急救车在急救准备中的使用效果。方法 选择泗洪县中医院呼吸内科、神经内科、胸外科、神经外科共30名护士为操作对象,采用模拟抢救考核的方式,要求她们分别采用传统的常规方法（常规法）和床头型急救车方法（改进法）完成急救准备,纪录两种方法的急救准备时间、物品准备齐全率及物品摆放合理性,并进行对比分析。结果 按常规方法,急救准备耗时（260.0±49.6）s,物品准备齐全率46.7%;使用床头型急救车方法,急救准备耗时（159.2±13.9）s,物品准备齐全率93.3%,两组比较差异均有统计学差异（P<0.01）。使用床头型急救车方法的物品摆放更为整齐、合理。结论 床头型急救车在抢救患者时可以减少抢救准备用时,提高物品准备齐全率,使物品摆放更规范安全,值得临床推广使用。     

创伤院前急救的气道管理

本文将有关创伤院前急救时遇到的呼吸问题和急救技术进行总结、分类,其核心是对所有严重创伤患者进行阶梯化的呼吸管理——评估、预防和干预,使伤病员获得及时、有效的呼吸支持。     

The contribution of self‐help/mutual aid groups to mental well‐being

This article explores the contribution of self‐help/mutual aid groups to mental well‐being. Self‐help/mutual aid groups are self‐organising groups where people come together to address a shared a health or social issue through mutual support. They are associated with a range of health and social benefits, but remain poorly understood. This article draws on data from stage one of ESTEEM, a project which runs from 2010 to 2013. Stage one ran from 2010 to 2011 and involved participatory, qualitative research carried out in two UK sites. Twenty‐one groups were purposively selected to include a range of focal issues, longevity, structures and ethnic backgrounds. Researchers carried out 21 interviews with group coordinators and twenty group discussions with members to explore the groups' purpose, nature and development. Preliminary analysis of the data suggested that mental well‐being was a common theme across the groups. Subsequently the data were re‐analysed to explore the groups' contribution to mental well‐being using a checklist of protective factors for mental well‐being as a coding framework. The findings showed that groups made a strong contribution to members' mental well‐being by enhancing a sense of control, increasing resilience and facilitating participation. Group members were uplifted by exchanging emotional and practical support; they gained self‐esteem, knowledge and confidence, thereby increasing their control over their situation. For some groups, socio‐economic factors limited their scope and threatened their future. The article provides an evidence‐base which illustrates how self‐help/mutual aid groups can enhance mental well‐being. If supported within a strategy for social justice, these groups enable people with varied concerns to develop a tailored response to their specific needs. The authors suggest that policy‐makers engage with local people, investing in support proportionate to the needs of different populations, enabling them to develop their own self‐help/mutual aid groups to enhance their sense of mental well‐being.     

Mothers' questionnaire of preschoolers' language and motor skills: a validation study

Objective Parent questionnaires of child motor and language skills are useful in many contexts. This study validates one such measure, the Preschool Child Development Inventory (PCDI), a mother‐answered standardized measure of motor (fine and gross) and language (expression and comprehension) skills of 3–6‐year‐old children. Methods Eighty‐one mothers answered the inventory and their children were concurrently tested on six verbal subtests of WPPSI‐R^IS. Results The six language and motor subtests of the PCDI revealed the predicted convergent and divergent correlations with the verbal subtests of the WPPSI‐R^IS. As predicted, the motor subtests diverged and the language subtests converged with the expected WPPSI‐R^IS subtests. Principal components analysis of all the measures (the PCDI and the WPPSI‐R^IS subtests) revealed two components, verbal and motor in content. Conclusions The findings support the validity of a mother‐answered inventory to assess language and motor development. It is pointed out that such inventories are a viable brief and cost effective alternative to individual testing, both to supplement such measures in clinical practice and as main information in research, for example on determinants of development. Some suggestions are made for future research and applications.     

Narcissistic Vulnerability of the Younger Student

Schools of social work and, of course, BSW programs are increasingly admitting the younger student. While faculties and agency supervisors struggle with this reality, there has been little formal attention to purposeful examination of the demands this creates, especially in field work. The special needs of the younger, frequently narcissistically vulnerable student, are almost often demonstrated in the field practicum. The newer conceptions in narcissistic theory are offered, for possible usage and integration, to form the educational alliance between student and supervisor. Postulated is an increased need or provision of “empathic” non-confrontive supervision.     

Nutritional status of mauritanian children during a drought emergency

Nutritional surveys were conducted in three regions of Mauritania between September and November, 1983, to assess the impact of a severe drought and to determine priorities for relief assistance. Survey sites and children were chosen at random using established Centers for Disease Control survey methodology. A total of 1,498 children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years were weighed, measured and examined for xerophthalmia and scurvy. Information on age, sex, diarrhea, measles immunization, diet and food aid was collected for each child. Levels of acute malnutrition (< 80 % of median weight‐for‐height) ranged from 8.2 to 17.2% in the 3 regions, and both xerophthalmia and scurvy were seen. The children between 1 to 3 years of age had the highest levels of malnutrition. Food aid deliveries were irregular and inadequate in the two regions with the highest rates of malnutrition. Implications for targeting and choice of relief efforts are discussed.     

A Psychometric Study of the Chinese Version of the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills

This study examined the dependability of the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills—Chinese version (ACIS-C) with psychiatric participants in Taiwan. A convenience sample of 101 participants diagnosed with psychiatric illness were recruited from four day-care wards in northern and eastern Taiwan. The results of the Rasch analysis showed that the ACIS-C items coalesced to form a measure of communication/interaction and the 4-point rating scale functioned as intended. The ACIS-C differentiated participants into six levels of communication and interaction skills. The findings support the conclusion that the ACIS-C is a valid and sensitive tool when used with Chinese clients. Moreover the study supports the generalizability of the Model of Human Occupation concept of communication and interaction skills to an Eastern context.     

Life Skill Interventions with Homeless Youth,Domestic Violence Victims and Adults with Mental Illness

SUMMARY

This paper presents three exploratory studies of life skills interventions (employment, money management or food/nutrition) with 73 homeless individuals from four shelters and supportive housing programs located in the urban Midwest for youth, victims of domestic violence and adults with mental illness. The Ansell Casey Life Skills Assessment was administered prior to the eight group and individual sessions. Quizzes and posttests indicated clinical change in all groups, with statistical significance in the domestic violence group. The intervention implementation, challenges encountered, and strategies developed for implementing shelter-based interventions are discussed. Recommendations for successfully providing collaborative university-shelter clinical interventions are provided.     

Effectiveness of training on the community skills of children with intellectual disabilities

Background: Children with intellectual disabilities often have difficulties in daily tasks, requiring training to increase functional independence. This study measured the effectiveness of community skills training in a telephone task and a shopping task, and examined if community-based training was more effective than classroom-based training. Material and methods: A randomized control trial with 40 children aged 9–11years was completed. Intervention groups attended an eight-week training programme; the control group received no treatment. One intervention group practised skills in local shops. All participants were assessed before and after treatment in a shopping task and telephone task, using task analysis methodology. Results: Data showed a highly statistically significant difference between intervention and control groups in the shopping task (p=0.007); however, there was no significant difference between classroom and classroom supplemented by community-based learning in the shopping task. There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the telephone task. Conclusion: Results suggested that skills training was effective in one of the skill areas with this client group. Further research is required to determine if community-based training is more effective than classroom-based learning.