布拉氏酵母菌散与非营养性吸吮联合治疗对早产儿喂养不耐受及早期生长发育的影响

目的探讨布拉氏酵母菌散与非营养性吸吮联合对早产儿喂养不耐受及早期生长发育的影响。方法选取2014年1月～2017年12月在我院住院治疗的早产儿喂养不耐受患者74例,分为观察组(n=37)和对照组(n=37)。对照组患儿均予以非营养性吸吮,观察组患儿在对照组治疗基础上加用布拉氏酵母菌散0.125 g/次,1次/d,鼻饲或奶瓶给药。观察并比较两组患儿治疗后恢复情况及治疗效果,并比较治疗2周后生长发育(体重、头围和身长)指标的变化。结果观察组早产儿症状消失时间、胎粪排出时间、达全量胃肠内营养时间和恢复到出生体质量时间短于对照组(P0.05)。治疗1周后,观察组早产儿临床总有效率较对照组更佳(χ~2=4.16,P0.05)。治疗2周后,观察组早产儿的体重和身长等生长发育指标优于对照组(P0.05),两组头围比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论早产儿喂养不耐受患儿在非营养性吸吮基础上加用布拉氏酵母菌散的治疗效果较好,能缩短喂养不耐受症状时间,能促进早产儿的生长发育。     

情景式营养教育对婴儿喂养状况的影响

目的探讨情景式营养教育,对婴儿监护人的营养知识水平和婴儿喂养状况的影响,以探索婴儿食物转换指导新模式。 方法选择2014年4月至12月,于江苏省淮安市妇幼保健院儿童保健门诊进行健康体检的272例1～2个月龄婴儿为研究对象。采用随机数字表法,将其分别纳入干预组(n＝140)和对照组(n＝132)。干预组婴儿于3～4个月龄时,由儿童营养专科医师和营养师,在营养厨房内,对婴儿监护人以10～15人小组形式,进行情景式营养教育;对照组则由门诊体检医师进行常规营养指导。2组婴儿12个月龄时,对其监护人采用本研究自行设计的《淮安市妇幼保健院婴儿喂养状况调查表》进行调查。采用χ²检验,对2组婴儿喂养状况,如母乳喂养率、食物转换合理率等,进行统计学比较。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求,并与受试儿监护人签署临床研究知情同意书。 结果①2组婴儿4个月龄时纯母乳喂养率、混合喂养率及人工喂养率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预组婴儿6、12个月龄时,继续母乳喂养率分别为88.6%、37.1%,均显著高于对照组的78.0%、23.5%,并且差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝5.468、P＝0.022,χ²＝5.977、P＝0.018)。②干预组婴儿监护人对食物转换指导模式的满意度、食物转换合理率,以及3类补充食品(谷类、果蔬类、动物性食物)均合理添加率,添加动物性食物合理率及监护人专用料理机使用率分别为90.0%、87.1%、77.1%、82.9%、50.0%,均显著高于对照组的77.3%、60.6%、54.5%、65.2%、25.8%,并且差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝8.116、P＝0.005,χ²＝25.033、P<0.001,χ²＝15.500、P<0.001,χ²＝11.114、P＝0.001,χ²＝16.908、P<0.001)。 结论情景式营养教育的婴儿食物转换指导新模式,可提高婴儿监护人的营养知识水平,改善婴儿喂养状况。     

纯母乳喂养对预防低出生体重早产儿坏死性肠炎和改善喂养不耐受护理效果分析

目的研究纯母乳喂养对预防低出生体重早产儿坏死性肠炎和改善喂养不耐受护理效果。方法选取我院于2017年1月～2018年3月期间收治的低出生体重早产儿180例,根据喂养方式分为对照组(n=90)和观察组(n=90),对照组应用母乳混合早产儿配方奶粉调制喂养,观察组应用纯母乳喂养方式,对比分析两组早产儿坏死性肠炎与喂养不耐受发生情况、肠内完全营养时间、腹胀消失时间、住院时间以及生长发育情况。结果观察组的坏死性肠炎发生率、喂养不耐受发生率均低于对照组(P0.05);观察组的肠内完全营养时间、住院时间及腹胀消失时间均短于对照组(P0.05);观察组出生1个月后的头围、体重及身长增长速率均高于对照组(P0.05)。结论采用纯母乳喂养可有效预防低出生体重早产儿坏死性肠炎,并且能够降低发生喂养不耐受的情况,缩短监护与住院时间,进而促进早产儿健康生长发育,在临床上具有应用价值。     

Associations of appetitive behaviors in 7-year-old children with their cardiometabolic health at 10 years of age

Background and AimsAtherosclerosis begins early in life, thus optimal cardiovascular health needs to be promoted early. We investigated whether appetitive behaviors among 7 year olds are associated with their cardiometabolic health years later.Methods and ResultsA sample of 2951 children from a Portuguese birth cohort was analyzed. The Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire assessed eating behaviors, and a measure of cardiometabolic risk (higher risk group: those in the upper quartile of triglycerides, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure and in the lower quartile of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol z-scores) was created. Linear and logistic regressions were run. Children with more food avoidant behaviors had lower cardiometabolic risk (Satiety Responsiveness – boys: OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.16; 0.93, girls: OR=0.37, 95% CI 0.17; 0.82 and Slowness in eating – boys: OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.25; 0.95, girls: OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.27; 0.91). Food approach behaviors (Food responsiveness (CEBQ-FR), Enjoyment of food (CEBQ-EF) and Emotional overeating (CEBQ-EOE)) increased cardiometabolic risks (e.g. CEBQ-FR: boys: OR = 2.50, 95% CI 1.45; 4.32, girls: OR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.46; 3.71). CEBQ-EF had stronger effects in boys, while CEBQ-EOE was positively associated with cardiometabolic risk among girls. When adjusting for BMIz at 7y, associations did not remain significant. Appetitive behaviors were also associated with isolated cardiometabolic parameters; the strongest association being with waist circumference.ConclusionsAppetitive behaviors at 7-years are associated with cardiometabolic risk at age 10. While ‘food avoidant’ behaviors protect against cardiometabolic risk and ‘food approach’ behaviors increase cardiometabolic risk, these associations are largely dependent of child's adiposity.     

Insulin-induced hyperphagia in alloxan-diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet.

Alloxan-diabetic rats fed a standard, low-fat diet lost body weight and were hyperphagic; those fed a high-fat diet lost comparable amounts of weight, but did not overeat compared to normal animals. When given injections of protamine-zinc insulin, all diabetic rats gained weight; however, while those fed the low-fat reduced food intake from elevated levels, diabetics fed the high-fat diet became hyperphagic. Diabetic rats maintained on a high-fat diet increased food intake during long-term insulin treatment sooner and to a greater extent than normal controls. These findings are interpreted in light of the effects of insulin on storage and supply of metabolic fuels.     

An identified pleural ganglion interneuron inhibits patterned motor activity in the buccal ganglia of the snail, Helisoma

Neuron, Pl1, an interneuron that inhibits patterned motor output underlying feeding in the snail, Helisoma, is identified. The soma of neuron Pl1 is in the pleural ganglion and its axon projects through the pedal and cerebral ganglia to the buccal ganglia. A train of action potentials in neuron Pl1 suppresses rhythmic activity in the buccal pattern generator even in the presence of strong pharmacological stimulation with serotonin.     

Catecholaminergic projections from the solitary tract nucleus to the perifornical hypothalamus

The source of adrenergic and other catecholaminergic fibers innervating the perifomical lateral hypothalamus was localized in the medulla after combination of Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry for either tyrosine-hydroxylase or phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase. Following perifomical injections, Fluoro-Gold-labeled neurons were observed mainly in regions including the noradrenergic and adrenergic cell groups. In the caudal solitary tract nucleus, two kinds of doubly labeled neurons were found: a) numerous noradrenergic neurons in the A₂ group at the level of, or caudal to the area postrema; b) some adrenergic neurons in the C₂ group at a level immediately rostral to the area postrema. These catecholaminergic neurons connecting the caudal solitary tract nucleus to the perifomical hypothalamus might convey feeding relevant information such as glycemic level or satiety signals.