Dissociation of consummatory and vocal components of feeding in squirrel monkeys treated with benzodiazepines and alcohol

The primary aim of the current experiments was to develop methods that engender vocalizations associated with positive social situations comprising affiliative behavior and feeding that could be quantified under controlled laboratory conditions and were sensitive to anxiolytic drugs. Classical conditioning procedures were used to elicit vocalizations during presentation of stimulus lights (i.e., CS condition) previously paired with either preferred foods (e.g., grapes, peanuts, bananas) or standard foods (e.g., monkey chow) as well as during presentation of both food types (i.e., UCS condition). When compared to the period before stimulus light presentation (i.e., Pre-CS condition), the rate, duration and number of elemental units of food-related “twitter” vocalizations were increased during the CS conditions regardless of food type. Monkeys spent significantly more time oriented toward the food box during the light stimulus that preceded preferred food than for the light stimulus that preceded standard food. However, twitter vocalizations were higher for standard food regardless of the stimulus conditions (i.e., Pre-CS, CS and UCS). Administration of the benzodiazepine full agonist chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 1–10 mg/kg), the partial agonist bretazenil (BRZ, 1–10 mg/kg), the antagonist flumazenil (FLZ, 1–10 mg/kg) and ethyl alcohol (EtOH, 0.1–1.0 g/kg) differentially altered vocalizations. Although CDP and BRZ increased feeding of standard food, twitters were reduced across stimulus conditions. CDP and BRZ did not alter other social contact calls (i.e., “peeps”). FLZ also reduced twitters without altering peeps, but did not increase feeding. In contrast, EtOH did not increase feeding or peeps, but did increase food-related twitters. These results indicate that there is a dissociation between food-related behaviors, such as food consumption and orientation towards the food source, and vocal behaviors associated with group communication during feeding. Received: 5 December 1997 / Final version: 18 February 1998     

脐动脉血气分析与窒息新生儿喂养不耐受的关系

目的探讨围生期窒息新生儿脐动脉血的pH、二氧化碳分压（PCO2）、氧分压（PO2）及剩余碱（BE）变化与喂养不耐受的关系。方法选择本院出生的新生儿189例,按Apgar评分标准分为两组：对照组93例,为大于8分的健康出生的新生儿;窒息组96例,为低于8分的新生儿;分别于出生后即做脐动脉血气分析。窒息组患儿24h后即给予5%葡萄糖水2mL微量喂养,将喂养后能耐受的定为A组,为54例;喂养后不能耐受的定为B组,为42例,给予禁食2d后再次喂养,有40例能耐受,2例不能耐受。结果窒息组与对照组脐动脉血气分析指标pH、PO2、PCO2、BE,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;窒息组内A、B两组之间的脐动脉血气分析指标pH、PO2、PCO2、BE,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。B组禁食2d后微量喂养,喂养不耐受发生率为4.8%。结论脐动脉血气分析能较准确地反映胎儿出生时缺血、缺氧的程度,在严重的酸中毒时,患儿常有喂养不耐受,应延迟开始喂养的时间。     

纯母乳喂养对预防低出生体重早产儿坏死性肠炎和改善喂养不耐受护理效果分析

目的研究纯母乳喂养对预防低出生体重早产儿坏死性肠炎和改善喂养不耐受护理效果。方法选取我院于2017年1月～2018年3月期间收治的低出生体重早产儿180例,根据喂养方式分为对照组(n=90)和观察组(n=90),对照组应用母乳混合早产儿配方奶粉调制喂养,观察组应用纯母乳喂养方式,对比分析两组早产儿坏死性肠炎与喂养不耐受发生情况、肠内完全营养时间、腹胀消失时间、住院时间以及生长发育情况。结果观察组的坏死性肠炎发生率、喂养不耐受发生率均低于对照组(P0.05);观察组的肠内完全营养时间、住院时间及腹胀消失时间均短于对照组(P0.05);观察组出生1个月后的头围、体重及身长增长速率均高于对照组(P0.05)。结论采用纯母乳喂养可有效预防低出生体重早产儿坏死性肠炎,并且能够降低发生喂养不耐受的情况,缩短监护与住院时间,进而促进早产儿健康生长发育,在临床上具有应用价值。     

新型护理干预对早产低出生体重儿喂养不耐受的影响

目的探讨新型护理干预对早产低出生体重儿喂养不耐受的影响。方法将78例适于胎龄的早产低体重儿分为两组各39例,对照组在常规治疗和静脉营养的基础上采用传统的护理方法,试验组在常规治疗和静脉营养基础上给予非营养性吸吮、微量泵间断胃管喂养、喂养后俯卧位及腹部抚触的措施,并贯穿在早产儿的日常护理中。观察两组喂养不耐受情况及呕吐、腹胀、胃残留发生情况,记录鼻胃管留置时间、恢复出生体质量时间及到达全肠道营养时间等。结果试验组患儿喂养不耐受发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组患儿达到全肠道营养时间、恢复出生体质量时间、鼻胃管留置时间、第1次排黄便时间均较对照组显著缩短(P<0.05);试验组喂养出现腹胀、胃残留均显著少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论早产低体重儿喂养时给予新型护理干预能促进胃肠道功能的成熟,提高经肠道喂养的耐受性,有效减少喂养不耐受的发生。     

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目的 探讨危重新生儿早期喂养方式对胃肠功能的影响及与胃肠损害发生的关系.方法 2001年6月至2004年6月对中山大学附属第一医院黄埔院区收治的56例危重新生儿开展前瞻性研究并对其临床资料进行分析.随机将早产儿和足月儿分为按需喂养组和微量喂养组,其中24例早产儿中,按需喂养组和微量喂养组各12例;32例足月儿中,按需喂养组和微量喂养组各16例.所有新生儿在生后6h内开奶,按微量喂养[0.1～4.0 mL/(kg·d)]和按需喂养[开始10～20 mL/(kg·d),以后每天每次增加10～15 mL]分成两组,观察比较两种不同喂养方式新生儿发生胃肠损害的情况.结果 (1)无论早产或足月儿,微量喂养儿胃肠损害发生率明显低于按需喂养儿(P＜0.05).(2)早产儿胃肠损害发生率明显高于足月儿(P＜0.05).(3)生后24h内胃肠损害发生率明显高于24～48 h胃肠损害发生率(P＜0.05).(4)出生48h内极危重患儿胃肠损害发生率显著高于危重组患儿(P＜0.05).结论 危重新生儿出生后不宜过早全奶按需喂养,生后24h内尤应慎重;提倡出生后6h从1∶1稀释奶开始,微量喂养,缓慢加奶,至生后48h才逐渐过渡至全奶,以减少胃肠损害的发生.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of preproorexin in winter skate (Leucoraja ocellata)

A 815 base pairs (bp) cDNA encoding for preproorexin (preproOX) was cloned in winter skate, a cartilaginous fish. Winter skate preproOX is 159 amino acids (aa) long and contains a 34 aa orexin A and 28 aa orexin B. The amino acid sequence of winter skate preproOX is more similar to tetrapod preproOXs (36-40% identity) than teleost preproOXs (23-33% identity). Whereas orexin B appears relatively well conserved among vertebrates, orexin A displays more variability, in particular due to an “insertion sequence” that is present in teleost fish, but not in skate and tetrapods. RT-PCR studies show that preproOX mRNA has a widespread distribution within the brain and is present in several peripheral tissues, including gastrointestinal tract, heart and testes. Fasting induced increases in preproOX expression in the hypothalamus, suggesting that orexin might play a role in the regulation of food intake in winter skate.     

A 90-day safety study of genetically modified rice expressing Cry1Ab protein (Bacillus thuringiensis toxin) in Wistar rats.

An animal model for safety assessment of genetically modified foods was tested as part of the SAFOTEST project. In a 90-day feeding study on Wistar rats, the transgenic KMD1 rice expressing Cry1Ab protein was compared to its non-transgenic parental wild type, Xiushui 11. The KMD1 rice contained 15mg Bt toxin/kg and based on the average feed consumption the daily intake was 0.54mg Bt toxin/kg body weight. No adverse effects on animal behaviour or weight gain were observed during the study. Blood samples collected one week prior to sacrifice were analyzed and compared for standard haematological and biochemical parameters. A few parameters were significantly different, but all within the normal reference intervals for rats of this breed and age and not in relation to any other findings, thus not considered treatment related. Upon sacrifice a large number of organs were weighed, macroscopic and histopathological examinations were performed with only minor changes to report. The aim of the study was to use a known animal model in performance of safety assessment of a GM crop, in this case KMD1 rice. The results show no adverse or toxic effects of KMD1 rice when tested in the design used in this 90-day study. Nevertheless the experiences from this study lead to the overall conclusion that safety assessment for unintended effects of a GM crop cannot be done without additional test group(s).     

苦瓜水提取物对大鼠毒副作用的实验研究

目的观察苦瓜水提取物对大鼠的毒副作用。方法将苦瓜水提取物按1.25 g/(kg bw)、2.50 g/(kg bw)、5.00 g/(kg bw)剂量给大鼠连续灌胃30 d,测定体重、进食量,计算食物利用率,实验末采血测定血象和血生化指标。结果苦瓜水提取物各剂量组对大鼠体重增长、总进食量及食物利用率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与相应对照组比较,雄鼠5.00 g/(kg bw)剂量组白细胞总数显著降低,1.25 g/(kg bw)、5.00 g/(kg bw)剂量组天冬氨酸转氨酶显著降低,雌鼠2.50 g/(kg bw)剂量组白蛋白显著降低,雌雄鼠三个剂量组总蛋白均低于对照组,其中2.50 g/(kg bw)、5.00 g/(kg bw)剂量雌鼠组总蛋白降低有统计学意义。雄鼠总蛋白降低有剂量依赖性,相关系数为-0.964,呈显著负相关。各剂量对其他血液学、血生化指标、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和雄鼠睾丸、雌鼠卵巢的绝对重量、脏/体比值等差异无统计学意义。大体解剖和组织病理检查未见与样品有关的异常改变。结论给大鼠喂养苦瓜水提取物30 d,可引起大鼠总蛋白降低,高达5.00 g/(kg bw)的剂量未产生其他可观察到的毒副作用。